2025 (7) TMI 976 - HC - Income Tax

Validity of Reopening of assessment - tangible material to come to the conclusion that there is escapement of income from assessment - addition under the head other expenses was made - HELD THAT - The duty of an assessee does not extend beyond the full and truthful disclosure of all primary facts. Once all the primary facts are before the assessing authority he requires no further assistance by way of disclosure. It is for him to decide what inferences of facts can be reasonably drawn and what legal inferences have ultimately to be drawn. It is not for somebody else far less the assessee to tell the AO what inferences whether of facts or law should be drawn. Here is a case where in the income and expenditure account filed along with the return of income assessee had mentioned about the interest paid of Rs. 56, 61, 461/-. During the course of assessment proceedings query was raised and assessee vide a letter dated 22.04.2008 again gave the particulars. AO did not consider it necessary to ask for further details like indication that the loans borrowed were utilised to make investments in the firm. As held in Calcutta Discount Ltd. 1960 (11) TMI 8 - SUPREME COURT (LB) which was followed by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in Ananta Landmark (P) Ltd. 2021 (10) TMI 71 - BOMBAY HIGH COURT while the duty of the assessee is to disclose fully and truly all primary relevant facts it does not extend beyond that. It cannot be stated that the assessee failed in its primary duty of disclosing relevant facts. The fact that during the original assessment proceedings assessee had addressed a communication dated 22.04.2008 on the same grounds based on which this notice under Section 148 of the Act has been issued itself confirms the fact that this issue was a subject of consideration of the Assessing Officer while completing the original assessment. Having considered the reasons we would opine that the reopening of the assessment was merely on the basis of change of opinion of the AO from that as held earlier during the course of assessment proceedings leading to the assessment order dated 22.04.2008. This change of opinion does not constitute justification and/or reasons to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. Decided in favour of the assessee.

Summary

The core legal questions considered by the Court were:

1. Whether the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) was correct in upholding the Assessing Officer's jurisdiction to reopen the assessment under Section 147 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 ("the Act").

2. Whether the ITAT was correct in holding that no opinion was formed by the Assessing Officer during the original assessment under Section 143(3) of the Act, and that there was no change of opinion justifying reopening.

3. Whether the ITAT was correct in upholding the disallowance of interest expenditure under Section 36(1)(iii) of the Act.

The Court noted that if Questions 1 and 2 were answered in favor of the assessee, Question 3 would not require adjudication.

Issue 1 & 2: Jurisdiction for Reopening under Section 147 and Formation of Opinion

The legal framework governing reopening of assessments under Section 147 requires the Assessing Officer to have "reason to believe" that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. The reopening notice must be based on tangible material facts not previously considered or disclosed. The duty of the assessee is to disclose fully and truly all primary facts necessary for assessment; however, the duty does not extend to disclosing legal or factual inferences to be drawn from those facts.

The Court extensively relied on the Apex Court decision in Calcutta Discount Co. Ltd. vs. ITO, which clarified that the assessee's obligation is limited to disclosure of primary facts, and not the inferences to be drawn from them. The Explanation to Section 147 does not enlarge this duty to include disclosure of inferences. The assessing authority is responsible for drawing inferences and legal conclusions from the facts disclosed.

Further, the Court cited a Division Bench judgment from the Bombay High Court in Ananta Landmark (P) Ltd vs. Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax, which echoed the principle that mere production of account books or documents by the assessee does not amount to failure to disclose material facts if the primary facts are fully disclosed. The duty to draw proper inferences lies with the Assessing Officer.

The Court also referred to the Bombay High Court decision in Aroni Commercials Ltd. vs. Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax, which held that once a query is raised during assessment and the assessee replies, it is presumed that the Assessing Officer has considered the issue, even if the assessment order does not explicitly record such consideration. The manner of drafting an assessment order is within the Assessing Officer's domain, and the absence of explicit reference to queries or satisfaction does not imply non-consideration.

Applying these principles, the Court observed that the assessee had disclosed the interest paid and related particulars in the return and in response to queries during the original assessment proceedings. The Assessing Officer had the material to consider the claim of interest expenditure but did not seek further details or expressly reject the claim in the assessment order except for a minor addition unrelated to the interest claim. Thus, the primary facts were before the Assessing Officer at the time of original assessment.

The reopening notice under Section 148 was issued on the same grounds as those already considered during the original assessment. Therefore, the reopening was based on a mere change of opinion, which is not a permissible ground for reopening under Section 147.

The Court emphasized that the reopening must be based on fresh tangible material or non-disclosure of primary facts, not on a different inference or opinion drawn by the Assessing Officer after the original assessment. The Assessing Officer's "reason to believe" must be founded on material facts not previously considered or disclosed, which was not the case here.

Issue 3: Disallowance of Interest Expenditure under Section 36(1)(iii)

Since the Court answered Questions 1 and 2 in favor of the assessee, holding that the reopening itself was invalid, it declined to address the merits of the disallowance of interest expenditure under Section 36(1)(iii) of the Act.

Conclusions and Significant Holdings

The Court held:

"The duty of an assessee does not extend beyond the full and truthful disclosure of all primary facts. Once all the primary facts are before the assessing authority, he requires no further assistance by way of disclosure. It is for him to decide what inferences of facts can be reasonably drawn and what legal inferences have ultimately to be drawn."

It was further held that:

"The reopening of the assessment was merely on the basis of change of opinion of the Assessing Officer from that held earlier during the course of assessment proceedings. This change of opinion does not constitute justification and/or reasons to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment."

The Court concluded that the reopening notice under Section 148 was invalid as it was based on a mere change of opinion without any new material or non-disclosure of primary facts. The original assessment had considered the relevant facts, and the Assessing Officer had formed an opinion accordingly.

Accordingly, Questions 1 and 2 were answered in favor of the assessee, negating the Assessing Officer's jurisdiction to reopen the assessment. Question 3 was left unanswered as unnecessary.

The appeal was disposed of with no order as to costs.