TMI Blog2021 (4) TMI 1210X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ts and evidences. Trial is not entertainable under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. All such procedural aspects are to be followed by complete adjudication/trial by the original authorities as well as by the appellate authorities under the provisions of the Statute and the powers under Article 226 of the Constitution of India is limited to find out whether the processes contemplated under the Statutes and the procedural aspects are followed by the competent authorities as well as the appellate authorities or not. The High Court, under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, is not expected to usurp the powers of the appellate authorities by adjudicating the merits of the matter on certain documents and evidences - Powers of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India cannot be extended nor widened so as to allow lay hands on the facts and circumstances by conducting the trial, nor certain facts and circumstances with reference to documents and evidences can be assumed or presumed or inference can be drawn, which is not preferable. Usurping the powers of the appellate authorities by the High Court by invoking its powers under Article 226 of the Consti ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... and 13853 of 2016, Mr.A.P.Srinivas Senior Standing Counsel in W.P.No.15588, 15589, and 15590 of 2016 COMMON ORDER All these writ petitions have been filed challenging the Order-in- Original passed by the concerned adjudicatory authorities. It is an admitted fact that the show cause notices were issued to the writ petitioners and the writ petitioners responded by submitting their objections/defence and participated in the process of adjudication and the concerned adjudicatory authorities in the respective writ petitions passed final orders and those final orders passed by the concerned adjudicatory authorities are under challenge in all these writ petitions. 2.The preliminary ground of attack raised on behalf of the writ petitioners by the learned Senior Counsel is that the show cause notice itself was issued by an incompetent authority, not having jurisdiction under the provisions of the Customs Act, 1962, and therefore, the entire proceedings are liable to be set aside. The learned Senior Counsel solicited the attention of this Court with reference to the show cause notice issued by the improper authority. The language employed in the Statute is The Proper Officer . ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... f 2018 , dated 09.03.2021] is relied upon. 4.The Hon'ble Apex Court of India categorically dealt with the jurisdiction aspect with reference to the provisions of the Statute. Para Nos.9, 12, 13 and 15 are relevant, which are all extracted hereunder : 9. The question that arises is whether the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence had authority in law to issue a show cause notice under Section 28(4) of the Act for recovery of duties allegedly not levied or paid when the goods have been cleared for import by a Deputy Commissioner of Customs who decided that the goods are exempted. It is necessary that the answer must flow from the power conferred by the statute i.e. under Section 28(4) of the Act. This Section empowers the recovery of duty not paid, part paid or erroneously refunded by reason of collusion or any wilful mis-statement or suppression of facts and confers the power of recovery on the proper officer . The obvious intention is to confer the power to recover such duties not on any proper officer but only on the proper officer . This Court in Consolidated Coffee Ltd. and Another vs. Coffee Board, Bangalore has held:- 14. ...Secondly, and more import ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... or authority such as Appellate or Revisional Authority. It is, therefore, clear to us that the Additional Director General of DRI was not the proper officer to exercise the power under Section 28(4) and the initiation of the recovery proceedings in the present case is without any jurisdiction and liable to be set aside. 5.Relying on the above findings of the Hon'ble Apex Court of India, it is contended that the order impugned in these writ petitions are liable to be quashed. 6.The respective learned Senior Standing Counsels appearing on behalf of the respondents objected the said contentions by stating that the respondents have already filed review petitions in Review Petition (Diary) Nos.9580, 9584, 9587, 9591 of 2021 before the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India on 07.04.2021. Their contention is that, certain notifications issued were not brought to the notice of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India and further, it is a regular appeal filed after exhausting the statutory remedies provided under the Act, and the writ petitioners cannot rely on the said judgment in view of the fact that the petitioners have not exhausted the statutory appellate remedy provided un ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ble under the Act. 9. For the reasons, which we have assigned in the preceding paragraph, the Writ Appeal stands dismissed and the appellants are granted 60 days time from the date of receipt of a copy of this judgment to file an appeal before the Commissioner of Customs (Appeals) and if the same is filed, the Commissioner of Customs (Appeals) shall entertain the appeal, without reference to the limitation as the writ petition was filed before this Court in the year 2016, which is well within the period of limitation, had the appellants filed appeals before the Commissioner of Customs (Appeals) at the relevant point of time. 10. Since the learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the certified copy of the impugned order was filed in the writ petition, the Registry is directed to return the impugned original order filed in the writ petition, after retaining a photostat copy. No costs. Consequently, connected miscellaneous petition is closed. 9.Relying on the judgment of the Hon'ble Division Bench, the learned Senior Standing Counsels reiterated that the petitioners are bound to prefer the appeal, and liberty is also granted by the Hon'ble Divis ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... n the event of adjudication of merits under Article 226 of the Constitution of India in the absence of complete trial with reference to the documents and evidences, there is a possibility of miscarriage of justice, and therefore, the High Court is expected to be cautious, while entering into the venture of adjudication of certain merits with reference to the original documents and evidences produced by the respective parties to the lis. This being the legislative intention, High Court is expected to trust the institutional authorities as well as the hierarchy of institutions contemplated under the Statutes. Institutional respects are of paramount importance for providing complete justice to the parties and the various stages of adjudication are important for the purpose of correcting omissions, commissions, errors in appreciation of evidence, etc. Powers of the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution of India cannot be extended nor widened so as to allow lay hands on the facts and circumstances by conducting the trial, nor certain facts and circumstances with reference to documents and evidences can be assumed or presumed or inference can be drawn, which is not preferable. ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... catalogued but can only be illustrated): (1) The supremacy of the Constitution. (2) Republican and Democratic form of government and sovereignty of the country. (3) Secular and federal character of the Constitution. (4) Demarcation of power between the Legislature, the executive and the judiciary. (5) The dignity of the individual secured by the various freedoms and basic rights in Part III and the mandate to build a welfare State contained in Part IV. (6) The unity and the integrity of the Nation. 2. Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru v. State of Kerala and Anr. [MANU/SC/0445/1973 : (1973) 4 SCC 225]. That separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary is the basic structure of the Constitution is expressly stated by Sikri, C.J. 3. P. Kannadasan and Ors. v. State of T.N. and Ors. [MANU/SC/0650/1996 : (1996) 5 SCC 670 ] the Supreme Court noted that the Constitution of India recognised the doctrine of separation of powers between the three organs of the State, namely, the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. The Court said: It must be remembered that our Constitution recognise ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... h Courts and Supreme Court) is empowered by the Constitution to declare a law made by the legislature (Parliament and State legislatures) void if it is found to have transgressed the constitutional limitations or if it infringed the rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution. (v) The doctrine of separation of powers applies to the final judgments of the courts. Legislature cannot declare any decision of a court of law to be void or of no effect. It can, however, pass an amending Act to remedy the defects pointed out by a court of law or on coming to know of it aligned. In other words, a court's decision must always bind unless the conditions on which it is based are so fundamentally altered that the decision could not have been given in the altered circumstances. (vi) If the legislature has the power over the subject-matter and competence to make a validating law, it can at any time make such a validating law and make it retrospective. The validity of a validating law, therefore, depends upon whether the legislature possesses the competence which it claims over the subject-matter and whether in making the validation law it removes the defect which the court ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ed by any valid law; and host of other factors. 2 . KanaiyalalLalchand Sachdev and Ors. vs. State of Maharashtra and Ors . (07.02.2011 - SC) : MANU/SC/0103/2011 It is well settled that ordinarily relief Under Articles 226/227 of the Constitution of India is not available if an efficacious alternative remedy is available to any aggrieved person. (See Sadhana Lodh v. National Insurance Co. Ltd.; Surya Dev Rai v. Ram Chander Rai and SBI v. Allied Chemical Laboratories.) 3. Commissioner of Income Tax and Ors. v. ChhabilDass Agarwal , MANU/SC/0802/2013 : 2014 (1) SCC 603, as follows: Para 15. while it can be said that this Court has recognised some exceptions to the Rule of alternative remedy i.e. where the statutory authority has not acted in accordance with the provisions of the enactment in question, or in defiance of the fundamental principles of judicial procedure, or has resorted to invoke the provisions which are repealed, or when an order has been passed in total violation of the principles of natural justice, the proposition laid down in ThansinghNathmal case, Titaghur Paper Mills case and other similar judgments that the High Court will not entertain ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... It is essentially a rule of policy, convenience and discretion and never a rule of law. Despite the existence of an alternative remedy it is within the jurisdiction of discretion of the High Court to grant relief under Article 226 of the Constitution. At the same time, it cannot be lost sight of that though the matter relating to an alternative remedy has nothing to do with the jurisdiction of the case, normally the High Court should not interfere if there is an adequate efficacious alternative remedy. If somebody approaches the High Court without availing the alternative remedy provided the High Court should ensure that he has made out a strong case or that there exist good grounds to invoke the extraordinary jurisdiction. 6 . K.S. Rashid and Sons v. Income Tax Investigation Commission and Ors., AIR (1954) SC 207; Sangram Singh v. Election Tribunal, Kotah and Ors., AIR (1955) SC 425; Union of India v. T.R. Varma, AIR (1957) SC 882; State of U.P. and Ors. v. Mohammad Nooh, AIR (1958) SC 86 and M/s K.S. Venkataraman and Co. (P) Ltd. v. State of Madras, AIR (1966) SC 1089 , Constitution Benches of the Supreme Court held that Article 226 of the Constitution confers on al ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... the record, are on merits and all are to be adjudicated before the appellate authority and the appellate authority, more specifically, the Appellate Tribunal or the Commissioner (Appeals), as the case may be, is empowered to adjudicate all such legal grounds raised by the respective parties and make a finding on merits. Thus, usurping the powers of the appellate authorities by the High Court by invoking its powers under Article 226 of the Constitution of India is certainly unwarranted. The parties must be provided an opportunity to approach the appropriate authorities for redressal of their grievances in the manner known to law. In the event of entertaining all such writ petitions, the High Court will not only be over-burdened, but usurping the powers of the appellate authority is certainly not desirable. 16.Jurisdictional error should not result in exoneration of liability. Jurisdictional error, if any committed, is technical, and thus, rectifiable. In such circumstances, the Courts are expected to quash the order passed by an incompetent authority and remand the matter back for fresh adjudication. Contrarily, if an assessee is exonerated from liability, undoubtedly, the purpos ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ecided at the first instance, enabling the litigants to avail the remedy by following the procedures as contemplated under law. Such writ petitions are filed may be on the ground of jurisdiction or otherwise. However, the Courts are expected to ensure that all such legal grounds available to the parties are adjudicated before the proper Forum and only after exhausting the statutory remedies, writ petitions are to be entertained. In the absence of exhausting such remedies, High Court is loosing the benefit of deciding the matter on merits as the High Court cannot conduct a trial or examine the original records in the writ proceedings under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. Thus, the Courts shall not provide an unnecessary opportunity to the assessee to escape from the liability merely on the ground on jurisdictional error, which is rectifiable. 19.This being the facts and circumstances established, this Court has no hesitation in arriving at a conclusion that the petitioners are bound to exhaust the appellate remedy, either under Section 128 or Section 129 of the Customs Act, respectively. Thus, the petitioners are at liberty to approach the appellate authority and file a ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X
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