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Issues Involved:
1. Whether the imposition authorized by the Punjab Tobacco Vend Fees Act, 1954, constitutes a tax or a licence fee. 2. Whether the licence fee is discriminatory. 3. Whether the licence fee amounts to an unreasonable restriction on trade and business. Detailed Analysis: 1. Tax vs. Licence Fee: The primary issue is whether the imposition under the Punjab Tobacco Vend Fees Act, 1954, is a tax or a licence fee. The court explained that a licence fee is primarily for reimbursing the state for services rendered, while a tax is for generating revenue for governmental duties. The court cited various legal precedents, such as "Retilal Panachand v. State of Bombay," "Pittsburgh Rly. Co. v. City of Pittsburgh," and "Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.," to elucidate the distinction between a tax and a licence fee. The court emphasized that the primary object of the charge determines its nature; if it is to regulate or restrain, it is a licence fee, but if it is to produce revenue, it is a tax. The court examined the operation, practical results, and incidents of the Act to determine its nature. It noted that the Act was primarily regulatory, as it imposed conditions for licensing and empowered officers to inspect and regulate the business. The court found that the Act's provisions indicated a regulatory purpose rather than a revenue-generating one. 2. Discrimination: The petitioner argued that the licence fee was discriminatory, violating Article 14 of the Constitution, as it applied only to dealers within municipalities and not to those in other parts of the state. The court noted that legislative bodies have the power to classify persons and objects for legislation, provided the classification is reasonable and not arbitrary. The court cited cases such as "North Western Laundry v. Des Moines" and "Hadacheck v. Sebastian" to support this view. The court found that the classification in the Act was reasonable, as it was based on the size and importance of the establishment. It noted that different licence fees for different classes of dealers were justified, as substantial differences in the nature of their businesses could be the basis for such classification. 3. Unreasonable Restriction on Trade and Business: The petitioner contended that the licence fee imposed an unreasonable restriction on trade and business, violating Article 19 of the Constitution. The court acknowledged that while citizens have the right to pursue a lawful calling, this right is subject to reasonable restrictions in the public interest. The court found that the requirement to obtain a licence for dealing in tobacco was neither unreasonable nor against public interest. The court also addressed the petitioner's argument that the fee was excessively high, noting that the petitioner failed to provide evidence that the fee was disproportionate to the cost of regulation. The court accepted the government's assertion that the revenue from the fees did not exceed the cost of administering the Act. Conclusion: The court concluded that the Punjab Tobacco Vend Fees Act, 1954, and Rule 4 framed under it were valid. The imposition under the Act was deemed a regulatory licence fee, not a tax. The classification of dealers and the varying licence fees were found to be reasonable and non-discriminatory. The requirement for a licence was considered a reasonable restriction on trade and business. Consequently, the petition was dismissed with costs. Separate Judgment: Bishan Narain, J., concurred with the judgment delivered by A.N. Bhandari, C.J., agreeing with the conclusions reached.
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