TMI Blog1996 (3) TMI 575X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... the proprietor of a Cinema to realise an extra charge of twenty-five paise per ticket for admission to be utilised for maintenance of the cinema premises. But by proviso excluded the proprietor of such cinema receiving any incentive scheme from the State Government. Earlier by the Government Order dated 21st July, 1986 grant-in aid was provided to the newly constructed cinemas in a town not having a population of more than one lac. Under this such cinema-exhibitors were entitled for cent per cent, tax exemption for the first year, seventy-five per cent, in the second year and fifty per cent in the third year and for an area having population less than 20,000, cent per cent, tax exemption for two years, seventy-five percent, for the third year and fifty percent, for the forth and fifth years, subject to condition that admission rate shall not be more than rupees five. This was substituted by another Government Order dated 18th July, 1989, also as an incentive to the newly constructed cinemas granting total exemption from payment of entertainment tax for the first two years, seventy-five per cent, for the third year. Thereafter an other Government Order dated 14th May, 1992, granted ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... itioning facility respectively during the period commencing on the fifteenth day of March in any year and ending on the fifteenth day of October next following : Provided that the proprietor of a cinema receiving grant-in-aid from the State Government under any incentive scheme shall not be entitled to realise extra charge under clause (a) during the period such grant-in-aid is received by him. (2) The amount charged under sub-section (1) shall not be deemed to be payment for admission to an entertainment. (3) Where the extra charge referred to - (a) in clause (a) of sub-section (1) has not been utilised for maintenance of cinema premises, (b) in clause (b) of sub-section (1) has been realised without providing the air-cooling or air-conditioning facility, as the case may be, the amount so realised shall be deemed to represent the aggregate of additional payment for admission to the entertainment and entertainment-tax payable thereon. 5. Thus the crux of controversy is whether proviso to section 3-A, as amended (as aforesaid) under which the petitioner falls is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India as held in the case of Kamla Palace (supra) or is ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... rtiorari for quashing it. Truly, a provision declared ultra vires it is said to be stillborn but revived when appeal. Review is allowed or by retrospective constitutional amendment which removes the constitutional infirmity. Similarly it would also revive in reference when contrary to the earlier declaration of law is laid. Challenge to Ground No. (iii) is that the principle of resjudicata under Section 11 Explanation VI, CPC, is not applicable on the facts and circumstances of this case noril restricts the power of Court in reference to set at rest an earlier wrong declaration of law relieving from perpetrating continuing wrong on the subject. Lastly, countering Ground No. (iv), the argument is, there is no constitutional or statutory bar not to consider similar point in a subsequent case except those covered by the principles of resjudicata. It is only a question of exercise of discretion of the Court. This would depend on the facts and circumstances of each cases and, in any case, this bar, if at all, could only be to a party not to the Court to refer a matter as in the present case. Returning to the preliminary objection of the petitioner, learned State counsel submits, the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... correctness or otherwise of earlier Division Bench decision of the same Court will fall for consideration in the case. 13. But the argument for the petitioner is not that the present reference is incompetent or invalid, but whether it falls within the parameter of Rana Pralap Singh (supra). There is no challenge to the constitution ^ this Bench. In Firm Deo Dutt AIR1966All73 (supra) the constitution of the larger Bench itself was challenged. The constitution of this Bench is by the order of Chief Justice, which is not under challenge. Hence, State's preliminary objection to the preliminary objection of the petitioner fails. 14. Before examining the parameter fixed in the case of Rana Pratap Singh (supra) to what extent it limits the scope of reference if any, and to what extent the present reference overflows such restriction, it is appropriate to scrutinise various authorities cited at the Bar to spell out the law on the subject for its application in the present case. 15. The word 'stare decisions', connotation of binding judicial precedent, fixing parameter, if any, for making reference to a larger Bench are all devices evolved by the Courts for maintaini ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ideration being of public importance, to set back on the track another equally important principle is evolved by referring such matters to a larger Bench. Both principles of 'stare decisions' and 'reference' are not contrary but complementary to each, evolving and developing the law with an eye solely to render justice. All methodologies, principles, procedures are coined by Judges in aid to and are subservient to deliver justice to the subject. They are not to be interpreted which restricts this reach. It is in essence, within this sphere, catena of authorities are to be found as cited at the Bar. 17. The principle of binding judicial precedent is well sealed. Not only decision of higher Courts are binding on the Courts lower in hierarchy, even in the same Court it binds Bench of lower number of Judges even to equal number of Judges of coordinate jurisdiction. Thus judgment of a Division Bench is binding on subsequently consumed Division Bench of co-ordinate jurisdiction (equal number of Judges). It cannot decide contrary but has an option with judicial sanction to refer it to a larger Bench. 18. Thus, the principle of 'stare decisis' or binding judic ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ty in the law. 20. In [1965]3SCR218 , Bhagwan v. Ram Chand It is hardly necessary to emphasise that considerations of judicial propriety and decorum require that if a learned single Judge hearing a matter is inclined to take the view that the earlier decisions of the High Court, whether of a Division Bench or of a Single Judge, need to he reconsidered, he should not embark upon that enquiry sitting as a Single Judge, but should refer the mailer to a Division Bench, or- in a proper case, place the relevant papers before the Chief Justice to enable him to constitute a larger Bench to examine the question. That is the proper and traditional way to deal with such matters and it is founded on healthy principles of judicial decorum and propriety. 21. In this case Supreme Court deprecated and did not approve learned single Judge deciding a case against principle of Division Bench. 22. To the same effect is [1986]158ITR574(SC) (Union of India v. Godfrey Philips India Ltd.). This also gives effect to the same principle. ..... We find it difficult to understand how a Bench of two Judges in Ject Ram's case could possibly overturn or disagree with what was said by ano ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... hich the learned Judge in the present case should have considered himself hound by unless there was a pronouncement of a larger bench to the contrary or unless the learned Judge himself differed from the earlier view in which even the matter had had to go before a Division Bench. 25-C. [1989]178ITR548(SC) . Union of India v. Raghubir Singh 21..... the position in India approximately more closely to that obtaining in the United States rather to the position in England where Parliament could rectify the situation by a simple majority, and to that in Australia, where the mistake could he corrected in appeal to the Privy Council. The learned Judge observed :-- There is nothing in our Constitution which prevents from departing from a previous decision if we are convinced of its error and its baneful effect on the general interests of the public. 28. What then should be the position in regard to the effect of the law pronounced by a Division Bench in relation to a case raising the same point subsequently before a Division Bench is no constitutional or statutory prescription in the matter, and the point is governed entirely by the practice in India of the Courts sanctified b ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ch for an authoritative decision. But in the instant case the learned Judge acted contrary to the well established principles of judicial discipline in ignoring those decisions. 28. 1995 Supp (2) SCC 671 : (AIR 1994 SCW 2789) Collector of Central Excise, Hyderabad v. Fenoplat (P) Ltd. (I) This also enunciates same principle pertaining co-ordinate Bench. This was a case where the earlier Bench did not consider the proviso, hence reference was made to the higher Bench. 12. ... This was evidently done because the attention of the Bench was not invited to the proviso. As indicated herein above, while setting out T.I.22, the proviso is omitted which, however, has material hearing. It is not known what would have been the conclusion if the provision would have been noted. 14. In the above circumstances, it is but proper that the matter is placed before a Bench of three Judges. Let the records be, therefore, placed before the Hon'ble Chief Justice for doing Ihc needful. 29. [1985]155ITR120(SC) , Distributors (Baroda) Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India. 19. But, even if in our view the decision in Cloth Traders case is erroneous, the question still remains whether we s ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... cannot transgress the limits on the basis of whims or subjective sense of justice varying from Judge to Judge. 33. It is true, none of the cases of the apex Court has laid down parameters as in Rana Pratap Singh (supra). hence, we would he considering here under whether there is any thing in the said parameter which excludes the present reference. So far the case of Surinder Kumar (supra) it has no application as that dealt with Article 142 of the Constitution relating to enlarged Supreme Court's power which is not with the High Court. Further principle in the various Supreme Court cases is not confined to the reference in that Court only but to other class of cases with specific reference to cases arising in the High Court. In fact, reference are always for reconsideration of any law settled by earlier decision. Finality of that judgment is also there as either the appeal against that being dismissed or no appeal preferred. Thus reference are always in such contingency. The reference on this account by itself could not be refused. In that broad sphere no reference could be made the High Court as against its order, appeal always lies to the Supreme Court. The law once laid ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... by a subsequent judgment of the superior Court or a larger Bench of the same Court. Secondly, where it can be held with certainty that a co-equal Bench has laid down the law directly contrary to the same, and, thirdly where it can be conclusively said that the judgment of the larger Bench was rendered per incuriam by altogether failing to take notice of a clear-cot statutory provision or an earlier binding precedent. It is normally within these constricted parameters that a similar Bench may suggest a reconsideration of the earlier view and not otherwise. However, it is best in these matters to be neither dogmatic nor exhaustive yet the aforesaid categories are admittedly the well accepted ones in which an otherwise binding precedent may be suggested for reconsideration. 37. Pritam Kaur's (supra) foundation of Rana Pratap Singh (supra) both were cases where learned single Judge doubted the decisions of earlier Full Bunches, yet the Court with caution only expressed the anxiety any and every veiled doubt docs not justify the reconsideration by a larger Bench the law specifically laid down by the Full Bench; the ratio of Full Benches are not to be blown away by every side ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... exhaustive yet the aforesaid categories are admittedly the well accepted one in which an otherwise binding precedent may be suggested for consideration. Finally the words; However, it is best in these matters to be neither dogmatic nor exhaustive yet the aforesaid categories are admittedly the well accepted ones in which an otherwise binding judicial precedent may be suggested for reconsideration. The use of expression 'nor exhaustive' clearly suggests that the parameter is not exhaustive, but illustrative. It is also clear that reference should not be made on any and every veiled doubt. However, this has not restricted a reference, if there could be any possible error on account of earlier judgment not taking note of, any relevant statutory provisions, rules, notification, or any binding judicial precedent. 40. Thus, this decision lays down principle as a guidance to the learned Judges in making reference with special references to the laws laid down by the Full Benches. This is more as a guidance and caution in exercising such power, of course, it has not approved reference by learned single Judge of referring to larger Bench based on his veiled doubt of a ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... Act, rules and notifications in the consideration, on the other hand, it is argued by the petitioner that that Bench was aware of the same may not have referred it. 45. Thus, we come to the conclusion that the decision in Rana Pratap Singh' s case the parameter is only illustrative and not exhaustive. That was with special reference to the reference by lower denomination Bench seeking reference as against higher denomination Bench. It has only dealt with specifically where contradictory law is laid down by co-equal Benches of co-ordinate jurisdiction. But the principle and ratio applicable to all including co-equal Benches is that for any and every veiled doubt or casually no reference should be made unsettling a settled law. 46. In this back drop examining the present reference where it has doubted the incrimination of Section 3-A of the Act in Kamla Palace (supra) being against the decisions of the apex Court. could not be said to be such as made on any veiled doubt merely or could be one to be rejected on preliminary objection. The question whether decision in Kamla Palace (supra) has correctly laid down the law or being alive of (he provisions of the statute and the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... nsequential relief, to ask for a writ of mandamus or a writ in the nature of mandamus or direction, order or injunction re straining the concerned State and its officers from enforcing or giving effect to the provisions of that Act or Ordinance. 49. It is further urged thus statute declared ultra vires still is brought to life by removing the cause of it may. be by setting aside such declaration by the competent Court, or by amending the law removing the defect of its invalidity. Further High Courts being superior Courts exercising sovereign power also have residuary inherent power and even if there be no procedure prescribed to refer the matter, could refer a case if case be such consequently declare what is declared ultra vires to be valid. It has all the powers of sovereign, except what is taken away by the Constitution or any other law for the time being in force. 50. Halsbury's Law of England, IV Edn. Vol. 10. p. 713 :-- 713. Limits of jurisdiction. The chief distinctions between superior and inferior Courts are found in connection with jurisdiction, prima facie, no matter is deemed to be beyond the jurisdiction of a superior Court unless it is expressly shown t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... of the Court to render justice according to taw. Where statute is silent and judicial intervention is required. Courts strive to redress grievance according to what is perceived to be principles of justice, enquiry and good conscience. 89. In the words of Chief Justice Marshall:-- The jurisdiction of Courts is a branch of that which is possessed by the nation as an independent sovereign power. The jurisdiction of the nation within its own territory is necessarily exclusive and absolute. It is susceptible of no limitation not imposed by itself.... 53. 1988CriLJ1661 Antulay v. R. S. Nayak. 43. ... In rectifying the error, no procedural inhibitions should debar this Court because no person should suffer by reasons of any mistake of the Court. The Court, as is manifest gave its directions on 16th February, 1984. Here no rule of res judicata would apply to prevent this Court from entertaining the grievance and giving appropriate directions. 54. But the contention for the petitioner is. no inherent power could be exercised by the Court to set aside its earlier judgment. Even in Antulay's case, which is strongly relied by the State firstly lays down for exercise o ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ered. Absence of provision like Article 142 is not material, according to me. This may be illustrated by pointing out that despite there being no provision in the Constitution parallel to Article 137 conferring power of review in the High Court, this Court held as early as in Shivdeo Singh's Case AIR 1963 SC 1909 that the High Courts to can exercise power of review which inheres in every Court to plenary jurisdiction. I would say that power to do complete just ice also inheres in every Court, not to speak of a Court to plenary jurisdiction like a High Court of course this power is not as wide which this Court has under Article 142. 57. State contention is when an Act declared ultra vires could be revived even after several years when it is set aside in appeal, it would also stand revived when reference holds it intra vires. The apneals and references are merely procedures and are part of the same Rules of the Court. The special appeal lies under Chapter VIII Rule 5 of the Rules of the Court, while reference to a larger Bench under Chapter V Rule 6. Further the High Court has repository of a sovereign powers and thus possesses an inherent to the extent there is no inhibition ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e' from very inception. They are each by the act of the Court. These are old conceptional traditional ways, coined by the Courts, to render justice. That is why the effect of ultra vires declaration is only non-enforceability of such provision against the subject. 61. To further iron out the creases, let us examine what is the effect of law having declared ultra vires. 62. In Behram Khurshid Pesikaka v. State of Bombay 1955CriLJ215 . Relevant para (10-A) is quoted as under : Where a Statute is adjudged to he unconstitutional, it is as if it had never been. Rights cannot be built up under it, contracts which depend upon it for their consideration are void, it constitutes a protection to no one who has acted under it and no one can be punished for having refused obedience to it before the decision was made. And what is true of an act void in into is true also as 10 any part of an act which is found to be unconstitutional and which consequently has to be regarded as having never at any time been possessed of any legal force... 63. According to Cooley it is as if it had never been in existence. Field, J. in Norton v. Shelby County (18S5) 118 US 425 (C) states it is ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... islation and a fresh legislation on the subject would be requisite. But if the law is in respect of a matter assigned to the Legislature but its provisions disregard constitutional prohibition, though the law would be unenforceable by reason of those prohibitions, when once they are removed, the law will become effective without re-enactment. 47. The result of the authorities may thus be summed up : Where an enactment is unconstitutional in part but valid as to the rest, assuming of course that the two portions are severable, it cannot be held to have been wiped out of the statute book as it admittedly must remain there for the purpose of enforcement of the valid portion thereof, and being on the statute book, even that portion which is unenforceable on the ground that it is unconstitutional will operate proprio vigore when the constitutional bar is removed, and there is no need for a_ fresh legislation to give effect thereto. 65. AIR1959SC648 . Deep Chand v. State of U. P. This case considered the effect of pre-constitutional law being invalid in view of Article 13 of the Constitution after coming into force (at pp. 659-60 of AIR):-- The effect of the decision may ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... onferred under Article 19 and that its voidness is, therefore, confined to citizens, as ex hypothesis, the law became inconsistent with their fundamental rights alone. If that be so, we see no reason why a post-Constitution law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by Article 19 should not be operative in regard to non-citizens as it is void only to the extent of the contravention of the rights conferred on citizens, namely, those, under Article 19. This was the foundation of the argument for the State which has a great force that a law even if declared void remains on the statute. Referring to the case of Jagannath v. Authorised Officer Land Reforms [1972]1SCR1055 a post-Constitution Act, which was struck down for the violation of fundamental rights was, therefore, still born was held, has still an existence without re-enactment, for it being put in the Ninth Schedule. Relevant paragraph 43 of the said judgment is quoted below : Although the general rule is that a statute declared unconstitutional is void at all times and that its invalidity must be recognised and acknowledged for all purposes and is no taw and a nullity, this is neither universally nor absolut ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... In Norton v. Shelby Co. (1885 (118) US 425), Mr. Justice Field says: an unconstitutional act is not a law, it confers no rights, it imposes no duties, it affords no protection, it creates no office; it is, in legal contemplation, as inoperative as though it had never been passed. The doctrine that the judicial declaration of the unconstitutionality of a statute has not the effect of a veto or nullification or abrogation of the statute so as, in effect, to strike if from the statute books, is excellently slated by the Court of West Virginia in Shephard v. Wheeling (30 W, va479). The Court says : The court does not annul or repeal the statute if it finds it in conflict with the Constitution. It simply refuses to recognise if. and determines the rights of the parties just as if such statute had no application. The court may give its reasons for ignoring or disregarding the statute but the decision affects the panics only, and there is no judgment against the statute. The opinion or reason of the court may operate as a precedent for the determination of other similar cases, but it does not strike the statute from the statute book; it does not repeal...the statute. The part ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... here. While in former when not legislated by [he competent legislature has truly not taken birth. Really it is stillborn. It is nullity in the true sense as if never existed at any point of lime. Thus, this nullity is in that absolute sense while in other ii is in the limited sense. From all this it is clear without doubt in the later class of cases in which present case falls, oven where a provision of a statute is declared ultra vires, which is void and is to be understood to be stillborn but by the procedure prescribed by law in appeal/ review or reference what is still born is infused buck into life as life member. This re-enforces well considered and settled proposition viz. it remains on statute book and is not erased from it. So if in appeal and review a stillborn provision could be brought back to life, why could it not be applicable in cases of reference. Thus contention, on the date reference it is not on the statute book could not be a ground to refuse to consider the reference, hence this preliminary ground also fails. 69. However, one thing is to be kept in mind which goes without saying references are to settle the law correctly. It does not set aside earlier case. ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... . Further the earlier decision has not taken note of various provisions of the Ac! which distinguished one class from other, also the notifications conferring different rate of tax which has important bearing on the question of validity of the impugned provision. Thus, this reference cannot be thrown on the preliminary grounds. This has merit. 73. Thus, for all these reasons, all the preliminary objections for the petitioner fail. 74. Now we proceed to decide the reference on merits. 75. Before the matter was heard on merits Sarvshri L.P. Naithani, V.B.Singh and Govind Krishna sought permission to address this Court since they were counsel in the bunch writ petitions including Kamla Palace (supra), which is up for reconsideration. It might further affect their clients who were successful in the aforesaid writ petitions. Though we made it clear, nor we are adjudicating the impact of our opinion, if at all, on the decision already made, but permitted these counsel, even: notified in the list if any other counsel desirous to address this Bench may do so as in trencher. But we made it clear this may not be treated as precedent as in the present case reference was made very sho ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... equires up-dating projection, screening, audio visible effect and such developments would also be within the meaning of 'maintenance', hence it cannot be said any class of cinema would not require maintenance. 77. It would be too benevolent to give such enlarged dictionary meaning to the word' maintenance'. This would be displaced and would be contrary to the legislative intent in the context it is used. The word 'maintenance' under Section 3(1) (a) refers and confines to 'cinema premises' only. It would not include development of cinema industry based on new technological concepts, viz. development of machinery, screen, audio-video effects etc. 78. The second limb of argument is, there could be no justiciable classification between various class of cinemas for maintenance as every class needs maintenance and even if it could be said they are two classes the exclusion of cinemas falling under proviso is not based on any intelligent differentiation with the object sought to be achieved. 79. For the State the submission is, there is clear distinction between the cinema-owners receiving grant-in-aid under some incentive scheme and other cinema- ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... adjudicating would make no difference in interpreting this provision as that of a taxing statute. The deeming clause' or any provision not taxing or imposing some fees are all part of the same fiscal statute. They are merely means and ways to tax. not to tax, give incentives etc. which part of scheme of such statute. Even exclusion from taxation by deeming clause itself in effect is incentive, supporting an industry which ultimately results in better tax collection. A taxing statute cannot be piecemeal differently interpreted. Part as taxing and pan as non-taxing statute. Hence this part of argument is misconceived and rejected. 81. In Kamla Palace (supra) the learned Judges of the Bench, after referring to the principle on Article 14 and after taking note of the decision of Roop Chand v. Delhi Development Authority AIR1989SC307 , recorded, for upholding classification under Article 14 mere classification is not enough but the same should have nexus to the object sought to be achieved. With reference to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of the aforesaid U.P. Amending Act (Act No. 14 of 1992), it was recorded that maintenance of cinema premises is for providing better fac ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... bject proposed to be achieved. In other words, the doctrine of classification evolved by the courts permits equals to be grouped together and does not permit unequals to be treated by the same yardstick. Differential treatment becomes unlawful if it is arbitrary and not based on rational relation with the statutory objective. The emphasis is not only on de jure equality but also on de facto equality. This holds that classification has to be based on distinctive qualities and must differentiate from the other. But it cannot be doubted that cinemas falling under the proviso have distinctive quality different from the one falling in the other class. They as a class are receiving incentives under some scheme and are either rural based or are which have been closed down which is quite distinct than the one which is not the other class covered by the main section. 84. AIR1996SC857 , Haribilas Rai Bansal v. State of Punjab Amendment to Section 30 of the East Punjab Act was under consideration. This gave preferential protection to the tenants of the residential accommodations and not to non-residential accommodations. It held though both residential and non-residential are two se ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... nsidered. Hence, now we embark upon the said considerations whether in the absence of the consideration of those points, it could be said that the said decision resulted to lay down the law incorrectly. 90. In nutshell the question is whether cinemas falling under proviso under the incentive scheme receiving grant-in-aid could be clubbed, in one class and even if it could be, whether such classification has any nexus to the object sought to be achieved. For this it is relevant to refer to the Statement of Object and Reasons of the aforesaid Amending Act (U.P. Act No. 14 of 1992): Statement of Objects and Reasons.-- The proprietors of Cinemas in the State have been facing financial crisis for the last several years due to the ever increasing popularity of exhibition of moving pictures through Cable T.V. network, Consequently the standard of maintenance of Cinema halls has deteriorated. The Cinema Exhibitors Federation has made a demand for grant of a certain percentage of Entertainment tax to the proprietors of Cinemas as the development allowance. Besides, the proprietors of centrally air cooled and centrally air conditioned cinemas, who have been allowed to realise extra c ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ributing help in the interpretation of a provision and an Act. Let us now examine the impugned amending provision, introducing maintenance charge in the light of the aforesaid objects and reasons. 92. It has to be seen what was the law period to this amendment ? What is the mischief or defect which earlier law did not provide; what remedy it has provided, finally interpret such amendment, which is subservient to the object sought to be achieved by advancing that remedy'. In this light we find which is evident from the Objects and Reasons that the proprietors of cinema since he-fore this amendment were facing financial crisis for the last several years on account of video cable TV network. The Cinema Exhibitors Federation made representations for grant of certain percentage of entertainment tax to the proprietors of cinema, as development allowances. So financial crisis of the proprietors was the mischief or defect existed which was sought to be remedied. Thus right to collect this 'maintenance charge' brought by amending was to remedy this, viz. confer help to the proprietors of cinema owners not to facilitate only the viewer. Maintenance of cinema exhibitors is par ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ncentive to the other remaining class was yet given which formed major or bulk of the cinema industry, was provided, who were heavily taxed up to 125%. Thus we do not find either the classification of the class falling under proviso and the other could be said to be based on no intelligible differentia nor could it be said, this classification has no nexus with the object sought to be achieved. Hence, this object is achieved and thus the classification has direct nexus to the object sought to be achieved. 95. It is true the principle for testing the validity of a taxing statute has been recorded in the case of Kamla Palace (supra) in its penultimate paragraph, but with due regard we find, it escaped the attention of being tested with reference to the scheme and the various provisions of the Act and schemes under it, the underlying scheme of the classification, taxations including exemption, the gradual applications to the various classes the incentive schemes not applying to all at one time etc.. further no decisions of the apex Court with reference to any taxing statute was referred. Now, let us scrutinise the Act in this light. Section 3 (2) clearly indicates that from the ver ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ass falling under proviso as challenged cannot be said not to be based on intelligible differentia. This class of proviso already admitted to incentive now the other class being given the incentives yet not received. This cannot be construed as violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. 96. Examining this from another angle, we find the various schemes under the proviso are temporary in nature varying from three years to five years. The class under proviso being temporary in nature and the very class after expiry of the said temporary period will qualify for the same benefit, and will join the other class. Even this temporary deprivation has reasons us aforesaid. They are already recipient of one benefit. If legislature does not confer two benefits at a time, no one can claim as a right for such condiment. In Equities or entitlement however good cannot constitute ground for holding provision ultra vires. 97. Another argument for the petitioner, is on one hand class falling under the scheme under the proviso there is restriction not to charge more than rupees five per ticket as admission, while there is no such restriction on other classes. However, this cannot constitute ag ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... l have to be further burdened with this additional charge and would also be contrary to the terms and conditions of the said incentive. 101. In judging the validity of a taxing statute it is well settled, the Legislature has very wide freedom and latitude in making classification to the subject to be taxed, areas, rate of tax. exemption and even conferring different incentives to different classes of subjects. It is also settled that burden is very heavy on the person challenging it, since various provisions involve fiscal and economic policies which are complex sometimes under coherent schemes requiring various classifications etc. That is why it is said Legislature need not tax all if wants to tax few only. Similarly, when two classes, if they are separately notified with different rate of tax cannot urge so unless similarly situated. In the present case the petitioner falling under the proviso cannot urge that they are similarly situated with the other class falling apart from proviso. In (AIR 1993 SCW 2871) Subhash Photographies v. Union of India. 102. The Court held that the tax is a weapon to regulate economy and Court cannot question the legislative policy or wis ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ty. It is rightly said that no economic measure has yet been devised which is free from all discriminatory impact and that in such a complex arena in which no perfect alternatives exist, the Court does well not to impose too rigorous a standard of criticism, under the equal protection clause, reviewing fiscal services. 107. Lastly, we find in the decision in the case of State of Biharv. Sachchidanand Kishore Prasad Sinha [1995]1SCR256 . the Court ruled if any classification is made in a fiscal statute, there will always be some instances where one gets an advantage and other suffers a disadvantage but that is no ground for invalidating a statute and more particularly a laying statute. 108. In view of the aforesaid reasons recorded by us, we are of the opinion that the law laid down in the case of Kamla Palace (supra) was not correctly laid down. We do not find any hostile discrimination between the class falling under the proviso and the other classes under Section 3- A of the Act. Hence, impugned proviso can not be held violative of Article 14 of the Constitution and. thus, are of the considered opinion, the said proviso is valid. 109. This reference is disposed of in th ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... twenty five paise which shall be utilised for maintenance of the cinema premises; (b) in case of a centrally air-cooled or centrally air conditioned cinema a further extra charge of ten paise and twenty five paise for air-cooling or air conditioning facility respectively during the period commencing on the fifteenth day of March in any year and ending on the fifteenth day of October next following : Provided that the proprietor of a cinema receiving grant-in-aid from the State Government under any incentive scheme shall not be entitled to realise extra charge under clause (a) during the period such grant-in-aid is received by him ; (c) for sub-section (3), the following subsection shall be substituted namely - (3) Where the extra charge referred to, -- (a) in clause (a) of sub-section (1) has not been utilised for maintenance of cinema premises; (b) in clause (b) of sub-section (1) has been realised without providing the air-cooling or air-conditioning facility, as the case may be the amount so realised shall be deemed to represent the aggregate of additional payment for admission to the entertainment and entertainment lax payable thereon. By this amendment, ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... cision of the Kamla Palace case. Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 805 of 1995- Natraj Chhabigrih v. State of U. P. and another came up for hearing before another Division Bench comprising B. M. Lal and M. C. Agrawal, JJ. (hereinafter referred to as the 'subsequent Bench') which doubted the correctness of the judgment dated July 10, 1995 of the Kamla Palace case. The subsequent Bench was of the view that the judgment dated July 10, 1995 required re-consideration by a larger Bench, and therefore, by an order dated 17-8-1995 without deciding the writ petition finally directed as follows : Accordingly, papers be laid before the Hon'ble the Chief Justice for constituting a larger Bench. 117. Thereupon, Hon. the Chief Justice constituted a Full Bench by an order dated 25-8-1995/ 18-1-1996. 118. This is how the question whether the judgment in the Kamla Palace case lays down a good law has come up before the Full Bench. 119. Natraj Chhabigrih was closed down on 17-12-1990 and was re-opened on 19-6-1995 taking the benefit of grant-in-aid scheme dated Nov. 15, 1994. Under this scheme, the proprietor of a cinema hall who intended to revive the cinema business, became e ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... 1953]4SCR1069 should be reconsidered and then in the majority decision, the Supreme Court observed : There is nothing in our Constitution which prevents us from departing from a previous decision if we are convinced of its error and its baneful effect on the general interests of the public. The Supreme Court referred to the far reaching effect of the earlier decision in the United Motors (supra) on the general body of the consuming public, and concluded that the error committed in the earlier decision would result in perpetuating a lax burden erroneously imposed on the people, giving rise to a consequence manifestly and wholly unauthorised. The Court further observed : that if the decision is erroneous, as indeed we conceive it to be, we owe it to the public to protest them against the illegal tax burdens which the State are seeking to impose on the strength of that erroneous recent-decision. 124. The Supreme Court further cautioned that the Courts should not differ merely because a contrary view appeared preferable. The Court affirmed that we should not lightly dissent from a previous pronouncement of this Court. But if the previous decision was plainly erroneous ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... l impropriety to ignore that decision but after referring to the binding decision he may direct that the papers be placed before the Chief Justice of the High Court to enable him to constitute a larger Bench to examine the question. 128. In Keshav Mills Company v. Commr. of Income Tax [1965]56ITR365(SC) the Supreme Court observed that a revision of its earlier decision would be justified if there were compelling and substantial reasons to do so. In Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan [1965]1SCR933 , the Supreme Court laid down the test : Is is absolutely necessary and essential that the question already decided should be reopened ? and went on to observe : the answer to this question would depend on the nature of the infirmity alleged in the earlier decision. its impact on public good and the validity and compelling character of the considerations urged in support of the contrary view . In Ganga Sugar Company v. State of U. P. [1980]1SCR769 , the Supreme Court held against the finality only where the subject was 'of such fundamental importance to national life or the reasoning is so plainly erroneous in the light of later thought that it is wiser to be ultimately right ra ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... . Municipal Corporation [1995]3SCR246 , in similar context held (at p. 1482). In reviewing and revising its earlier decision, the Court should ask itself whether in the interest of justice of the public or for any other valid and compulsory reason, it is necessary that the earlier decision should be revised. 134. In the case of Shridhar v. Nagar Palika, Jaunpur AIR1990SC307 . the question was whether the post of Tax Inspector was to be filled through direct recruitment or promotion. The Municipal Board resorted to the mode of direct recruitment. Aggrieved, respondent No. 3 filed a representation before the Commissioner (Prescribed authority) who set aside the order of the Board holding that respondent No. 3 was entitled to promotion in view of the G. O. dated 10-4-1950. Learned single Judge of the Allahabad High Court affirmed the order of the Commissioner ignoring the decision of the Allahabad High Court in Rameshwar Prasad v. Municipal Board, Pilibhit AIR1958All841 . It was urged before the learned single Judge that the aforesaid decision was approved by two other learned Judges of the Allahabad High Court in Writ Petition No. 4556 of 1965 Ram Kripal Garg v. State of U. P ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ed to continue, would affect the public interest, then the Court owes a duty to the public to correct that error, but a binding precedent cannot be overlooked merely because of the two plausible views, one view is more preferable or that some new argument has been discovered which was not considered earlier. When only one view is possible and if the view already taken runs counter to the legal position, then the previous judgment containing an error has to be corrected. 140. Let us proceed to decide whether there is a fundamental error in the Kamla Palace Judgment. 141. Sri Singh submits that the authorities mentioned hereinbefore do not lay down a rule as to when a subsequent Bench can differ from the previous Bench, but they simply rule down that in case a subsequent Bench wants to differ from the previous Bench, then for judicial propriety, reference should be made to a larger Bench. There is no substance in this submission. In these authorities, the Supreme Court did not make the observation to make reference to a larger Bench tentatively or in an abstract manner, but contextually as that was based on the facts and circumstances of a given case, which are no more differen ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... The theme of the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A is : 'one class of cinema--one benefit.' (5) No reference to earlier binding judgments germane to taxation field has been made by the previous Bench in its judgment. In the matter of adjudging validity of taxation law on the anvil of Article 14 of the Constitution, it is settled that the Legislature has extremely wide freedom and latitude in making classification based on various things like person, job, areas and other distinction. It is also settled that burden on the petitioner is extremely heavier than in the case of freedom of speech, religion etc. The reason is not far to seek. A matter of tax involves fiscal and economic policies, which fall in complex zones of legislation. The Courts are, therefore, reluctant to interfere with the fiscal legislature. The subsequent Bench in its referring order to a larger Bench cited several authorities relating to taxation laws and if the matter is seen in the perspective of those judgments, then the legal position would have been different. (6) The previous Bench though stated in the referring order that in the matter of taxation laws, the legislature enjoys greater ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... Act if viewed in the perspective of taxation laws and in the light of the authorities cited in the referring order, then the conclusion on the validity of the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A would have been different in the bunch of the Kamla Palace case and that is how a fundamental error arose in that judgment. 145. For the reasons. I am of the considered opinion that the reference to a larger Bench is competent. 146. Sri Singh then argues that the subsequent Bench in the referring order simply quoted the authorities and has not given a full length reasoning to conclude that the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A is not violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. This reasoning is fallacious. The subsequent Bench has not decided the matter finally, but simply raised a doubt in the correct-ness of the judgment governing the bunch of the Kamla Palace case. The subsequent Bench cited the authorities just to show that the doubt entertained thereby is nut a veiled doubt, but substantial. cogent and fundamental. The subsequent Bench is not expected to decide the matter finally and then refer the dispute to a larger Bench. When the subsequent Bench seeks referenc ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ok a view contrary to the decisions : (1) International Cotton Corporation Pvt. Ltd. v. C.T.O. [1975]2SCR345 and (2) Indian Aluminium Cables Ltd. v. State of Haryana [1976]3SCR992 . The former was sought to be reviewed in Commissioner of Sales Tax v. Fine Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. (1995)1SCC58 . Though the latter decisions were not only referred by the Bench deciding the case of Fine Chemicals (supra), but made them as a basis of its judgment and then the Bench hearing the review petition observed in para 10 at page 64 : It is. however, interesting to notice that when above two decisions were brought to the notice of the Bench, it referred to the ratio of the said judgments, but neither followed it nor made any attempt to proceed to make it a basis for their decision, notwithstanding that the said ratio ran exactly counter to one adopted by the Bench. From this authority, it is clear that mere reference to the decisions and reproduction of the underlining principles is not enough but what is more important is their correct application to the facts of a given case. Therefore, the submission of Sri Singh that from the fact that the earlier Bench though failed to cite the relevant j ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... it can be conclusively said that the judgment of the larger Bench was rendered per incuriam by altogether failing to take notice of a clear-cut statutory provision or an earlier binding precedent. It is normally within these constricted parameters that a similar Bench may suggest a reconsideration of the earlier view and not otherwise. However, it is best in these matters to be neither dogmatic nor exhaustive yet the aforesaid categories are admittedly the well accepted ones in which .an otherwise binding precedent may be suggested for reconsideration. 152. Fortified by Rana Pratap case (supra), Sri Singh strenuously urged that none of the three grounds existed to enable the subsequent Bench to differ from the previous Bench and, therefore, the reference is incompetent. While making this argument, Sri Singh omitted to take note of the above delineated portion from which it is manifest that the Full Bench in Pritam Kaur (supra) did not lay down an inflexible or a rigid rule The three grounds are not exhaustive as the Full Bench clearly pointed out that in such matters it is best to be neither dogmatic nor exhaustive . The case of Pritam Kaur (supra) cannot be construed to rule ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ts, overstepping the jurisdiction and that being contrary to the earlier decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Anwar Ali Sarkar (supra). 155. Another submission of Sri Singh is that the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A of the Act having been declared ultra vires by the previous Bench goes out of the statute book and, therefore, there is nothing for the subsequent Bench for being reconsidered. To elaborate the argument, Sri Singh says that when a provision of. law is struck down being void or ultra vires, then that stands obliterated from the statute book unless revived in appeal or in review-legally permissible. He submits that no appeal was filed against the Kamla Palace case and, therefore, that judgment has become final and that consequently has gone out of the statute book finally. At a flash point this argumently of ingenuity-full-tooks very attractive, but on a deeper scrutiny, it lacks merit and has to be rejected. 156. In his book 'The Constitutional Law of the United States' IInd Edition Vol. 1 Page 10, Wrestle Woodbury Willoughby , a celebrated commentator opined : Thus, when any particular so-called law is declared unconstitutional by a com ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... The effect of a provision being declared void or ultra vires is that ceases to be enforceable against those against whom that is declared ultra vires or void. However, a provision despite the declaration of being void or ultra vires continues on the statute book for several purposes, e.g., for the purposes or appeal; for being included in the 9th Schedule of the Constitution or for being subjected to review either under Article 137 of the Constitution before the Supreme Court or under the inherent powers, exercisable by the High Court to overrule its decision. The only effect of a provision being declared ultra vires or void is that it ceases to be enforceable and the authorities are injuncted by a writ of mandamus not to enforce the same but it remains on the statute book, notwithstanding its unenforceability. 159. In L. Jagannath v. The Authorised Officer, Land Reforms, Madurai [1972]1SCR1055 , the Madras Land Reforms (Fixation of Ceiling of Land) Act, 1961 was declared void under the provisions of Article 13(2) of the Constitution. It was, therefore, contended that the legislation was void ab initio, inasmuch as it did not lie within the power of the State to make any law wh ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... hts atone. If that be so, we see no reason why a post Constitution law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by Article 19 should not be operative in regard to non-citizens as it is void only to the ex tent of the contravention of the rights conferred on citizens, namely, those under Article 19. From such enunciation, it follows that both pre-Constitution as well as post-Constitution law remain voider inoperative to the extent the former is inconsistent with the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution and to the extent the latter takes away the rights conferred by Article 19 on the citizens. Despite its voidness, pre-Constitution law continues to remain operative, insofar as it is not inconsistent with the rights conferred by Part III and the post-Constitution law continues to operate, insofar as it does not contravene the rights conferred by Article 19 ; meaning thereby that both continue to operate against non-citizens. This authority implies that a void law does not go out of the statute but despite voidness. it not only continues to remain on the statute, but it remains operative to the extent it is not inconsistent to the rights conferred by Part III o ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... by inclusion in the Ninth Schedule or by overruling in exercise of inherent powers. By declaration of being ultra vires. Court does not repeal or quash a statutory provision but simply injuncts the authorities from enforcing a provision which it has declared ultra vires against the people who are affected thereby. But that continues to remain on the statute for several purposes. When a provision is declared ultra vires, the Court assumes that it goes out of the statute for alt purposes because that remains inoperative, unenforceable or lifeless, but in fact it continues to remain on the statute and can be resuscitated in several ways. 162. Therefore. Sri Singh is not right in saying that after the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A was declared ultra vires by the previous Bench, nothing remained for being re-considered by a larger Bench. 163. The reference being competent, the decks are cleared to turn to the merits of the case. MERITS :-- 164. The question for consideration is whether proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A of the Act is violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. The true scope and ambit of Article 14 has been, the subject-matter of discussi ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... t is necessary to bear in mind certain well established principles, which have been evolved by the Courts as rules of guidance in discharge of its Constitutional function or judicial review. 167. The first rule is that there is always a presumption in favour of the constitutionality of a statute and the burden is upon him who attacks it to show that there has been a clear transgression of the constitutional principles. This rule is based on the assumption, judicially recognised and accepted, that the legislature understands and correctly appreciate the needs of its own people, its laws are directed to problems made manifest by experience and its discrimination are based on adequate grounds. The presumption of constitutionality is indeed so strong that in order to sustain it, the Court may take into consideration matters of common knowledge, matters of common report, the history of times and may assume every state of facts which can be conceived existing at the lime of legislation. 168. Another rule of equal importance is that laws relating 10 the economic activities should be viewed with greater latitude than laws touching civil rights such as freedom of speech, religion etc. ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e Act of 1989 state that the proprietor of a cinema in a local area having population not exceeding one lakh may in lieu of payment under sub-section (1) pay a compounded payment to the State Government on such conditions and in such manner as may be prescribed and at such rates as the State Government may from time to time notify. This creates two classes of cinemas (1) a class of cinemas which are situate in a local area having population more than one tack, i.e., in tow populated area, which can also be categorised as rural or semi urban area; and (2) a class of cinemas which are situate in high populated or urban areas. The proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3 gives an option to the class of cinemas situate in tow populated area to make a compounded payment of tux in lieu of payment as envisaged by sub-section (1) of Section 3. The scheme of compounding payment cannot be availed by the class of cinemas situate in urban area. The Schedule to the Act prescribes the rate of entertainment tax for different classes of entertainment. The rates for cinemas situate in tow populated area, are lessor than the rates of tax payable by the other class of cinemas. Besides these benefits, ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ises : Sub-section (I) clause (a) thus entitles the proprietor of a cinema to realise from the viewers an extra charge of twenty five paise, which was later enhanced to rupee one per ticket for maintenance of cinema premises. The State Government in view of the demand of the federation decided to give some relief to the cinema owners hit hard by cable T. V. boom. But instead of giving development allowance as demanded, the State Government authorised them to realise extra charge for maintenance and further decided not to give any further relief to the recipients of grant-in-aid who availed full exemption for some years and partial exemption for remaining years during which the grant-in-aid continued. It was done to maintain a balance between two classes of cinemas (cinemas located in tow populated area, entitled to substantial exemption of tax under grant-in-aid scheme and to lesser rate of tax under the Schedule to the Act and the other class of the cinemas, not entitled to any such benefit and being subjected to full entertainment tax). 175. From the proviso, it is evident that the legislature did not want to confer double benefit on the cinemas, situated in tow populated a ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... passed with a view to ensure additional facility to the public visiting cinemas and, therefore, the object behind introducing clause (a) to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A is to ensure proper maintenance of the cinema houses irrespective of their location. On the other hand, Sri Dwivedi argues that the dominant object of the Act of 1992 is to remove the imbalance which arose in two classes of cinemas : situated (1) in tow populated area and (2) in urban areas; as the former were entitled to several benefits, no benefit was given to the latter and, therefore, to confer some benefit on the non-recipients of the benefit of grant-in-aid scheme, clause (a) to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A was inserted. Sri Dwivedi says that the dominant object of the Act of 1992 is not to ensure proper maintenance of the cinemas, because maintenance is the liability of the proprietor of a cinema under the terms and conditions of a licence and the Government never intended to underlay this responsibility, but to bring the non-recipients of the benefit of any grant-in-aid scheme to the level of the recipients to some extent clause (a) to subsection (1) of Section 3-A was inserted. 179. To find out the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... nt could not exempt totally certain new buildings from the operation for the Act. thus enabling greedy landlords to charge excessive rents and to evict at their sweet will the tenants who did not submit to their wishes. In the counter-affidavit filed for the Union Territory it was pleaded that the object of issuing the notification was to increase construction of new buildings in the urban areas of Chandigarh so that as the supply of housing accommodation increase, the pressure on the tenant as class may decrease. The Supreme Court on these submissions held (para 12) : The preamble and the provisions of a statute, no doubt, assist the Court in finding out its object and policy, but its object and policy need not always be strictly confined to its preamble and the provisions contained therein. The object and policy of the Act which is now before us appears to be slightly wider than some of the key provisions of the Act, namely, fixation of fair rent and prevention of unreasonable eviction of tenants. The acute problem of shortage of urban housing as we all know has become a permanent feature throughout India. It is on account of the shortage of the number of houses in a urban ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... e of entertainment tax realised from them as development allowance. This could have been given either in cash or by giving back to them the entertainment tax, realised from them in certain sercenlage. Instead of giving monetary help to the exhibitors in either manner as aforesaid, the State Government thought it fit to authorise cinema owners to realise extra charge per ticket by inserting clause (a) to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A with a rider that that could be utilised only for maintenance. Proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A was also inserted simultaneously to strike balance between the recipient and non-recipient of a grant-in-aid. In absence of the proviso, the recipient of a grant-in-aid would have received double benefit: (1) the exemption from entertainment tax under the Grant-in-aid and (2) the extra charge. To adjust equities between two classes of cinema owners the proviso was made co-extensive and coterminous with the receipt of the benefit of grant-in-aid. 185. The policy of the State Government as evident from the grant-in-aid scheme dated July 21, 1986 which is available on record, is that the incentive scheme can be availed only by those cinemas, which d ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... is realised only by the cinema owners to be utilised for maintenance. Such proposition cannot be disputed inasmuch as the extra charge which is realised by the cinema owners is not in the nature of a levy. 190. But the question is not the one whether the proviso refers to the extra charge which is in the nature of a levy. The question is whether the proviso to sub-section (1) of Section 3-A is a part of the taxing statute and if so whether that is to be interpreted like a taxing statute or in a different manner. Inasmuch as the proviso is a part of the Act which is, no doubt, a taxing statute, the proviso deserves to be interpreted in the same manner in which rest of the statute is to be interpreted. Therefore, it is not correct to say that since the proviso refers to the extra charge which is not in the nature of a levy that cannot be interpreted as a taxing provision. The proviso may not be a taxing provision by itself but that being an integral part of the Scheme of the Act, which is, undoubtedly, a taxing statute, has to be interpreted in the same manner in which rest of the statute is to be interpreted. 191. Then he submits that the air conditioned and air cooled cinema ..... 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