TMI Blog2024 (2) TMI 584X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... assessee has submitted the documents relating to identity, genuineness of the transaction, and credit-worthiness of the subscribers, then the AO is duty bound conduct to conduct an independent enquiry to verify the same. However, as noted AO in this case has not made any independent enquiry to verify the genuineness of the transactions. Assessee having furnished all the details and documents before the AO and the AO has not pointed out any discrepancy or insufficiency in the said evidences and details furnished by the assessee before him. As observed above, the assessee having discharged initial burden upon him to furnish the evidences to prove the identity and creditworthiness of the share subscribers and genuineness of the transaction, the burden shifted upon the AO to examine the evidences furnished and even made independent inquiries and thereafter to state that on what account he was not satisfied with the details and evidences furnished by the assessee and confronting with the same to the assessee. We find that the assessee has successfully discharged the burden of proof primarily casted upon it to explain the identity and creditworthiness of all the alleged share appl ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ITR 161) suggests that the assessee is under a legal obligation to prove the receipt of share capital/premium to the satisfaction of the A.O., failure of which, would justify addition of the said amount to the income of the assessee . In the facts and under the circumstances of the case, the assessee company has failed to do so other than submission of mere statements of various kinds. Thus, the decision of the Ld. CIT(A) is erroneous in holding that the raised share capital was not the assessee's own income. 4. That on the facts, the he principle which has been laid down by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Pr. CIT(Central)-1, Kolkata vs NRA iron Steel Pvt. Ltd. (412 ITR 161) also suggests that the Assessing Officer is duty bound to investigate the creditworthiness of the creditor /subscriber, verify the identity of the subscribes, and ascertain whether the transaction is genuine, or these are bogus entries of name lenders,. In the facts of the case, in spite of best efforts made by the assessing officer, he could not verify the same as there was no response from the companies to whom share were allotted on private placement basis. Thus, the decision of the ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... set aside the order u/s 148 of the Act as being erroneous and prejudicial to the interest of the revenue and gave directions to conduct proper enquiry and verification and thereafter pass a speaking order. Subsequently, the Assessing Officer in light of the order passed u/s 263 of the Act, issued notice u/s 142(1) of the Act but assessee did not comply. Further, notices u/s 131 were issued to the directors of the assessment company but none appeared. Finally the Assessing Officer framed a best judgment order u/s 144 of the Act on the basis of material available on record. The ld. Assessing Officer made detailed observation that the share applicant companies are jamakharchi companies engaged in the activity of providing accommodation entries. The ld. Assessing Officer on examining the financial statements of the share subscribers noticed that they have no reasonable sources to purchase shares of the assessee company and in order to examine the said transactions it is the assessee who knows the intricacies of its account to prove its claim of share capital/application money. As there was no personal appearance, therefore, the ld. Assessing Officer concluded the assessment referring t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... rom the investment companies when summons issued u/s 131 of the Act and again no discrepancies were observed in the documents filed with regard to the share subscriber companies. The ld. CIT(A) considering these details and also the facts that all the share subscribers had sufficient net worth to cover up the investments made in the equity capital of the assessee company and also giving a finding that judgment of the Hon ble Supreme Court in the case of PCIT vs. NRA Iron Steel (P) Ltd. reported in [2019] 103 taxmann.com 48(SC) is not applicable on the facts of the case decided in favour of the assessee by deleting the impugned addition u/s 68 of the Act. 5. Aggrieved, the revenue is now in appeal before this Tribunal. 6. The ld. CIT D/R submitted that the ld. Assessing Officer has examined the facts of the case extensively and financial statements of the share applicants were also scrutinised and came to a plausible conclusion. He vehemently argued supporting the order of the ld. Assessing Officer and stated that merely filing paper documents cannot be treated as a compliance to explain the nature and source of the alleged sum. Surrounding circumstances which includes the m ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... /2009 is extracted below :- Name of share subscriber Amounts in Reserve Surplus as on 31.03.2009 Amount invested with the appellant Ayushman Tradecomm P. Ltd. 3,19,19,874/- 45,00,000/- Bluewater Vincom P. Ltd. 6,67,87,874/- 98,00,000/- Broadline Commercial P. Ltd. 7,04,92,500/- 65,00,000/- Nischal Share Stock P. Ltd. 8,95,20,000/- 1,04,00,000/- Panchmukhi Suppliers Pvt. Ltd. 8,80,80,000/- 94,00,000/- Paras Barter P. Ltd. 9,73,14,000/- 80,00,000/- Silvershine Tradecom P. Ltd. 8,40,45,000/- 74,00,000/- SJR Auto Financers P. Ltd. 27,30,94,603/- 83,00,000/- Utsav Nirman P. Ltd. 6,14,42,148/- 82,50,000/- ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... the aggregate of 7,26,50,000/- disclosed by the appellant invites the mischief of the provisions of s. 68 of the Act or not. The provisions of s. 68 of the Act deal with cash credit which reads as under: 68. Where any sum is found credited in the books of an assessee maintained for any previous year, and the assessee offers no explanation about the nature and source thereof or the explanation offered by him is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the sum so credited may be charged to income-tax as the income of the assessee of that previous year. According to this section, if identity, creditworthiness of the creditor and genuineness of the transaction are not proved and the explanation offered by the assessee is not, in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, satisfactory, the sum so credited may be charged to income-tax as income of the assessee of that previous year. In the instant case, it is observed that the addition was made with the predetermined mindset that share application monies received by the appellant is not genuine as identity and creditworthiness of the shareholders were bogus in nature as if they did not exist and the transacti ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... me and audit report and financial statements which in my humble opinion proves their identities to the hilt. It is also observed that each of the share applicants maintained bank accounts; and copies of their respective bank accounts from which they made payments to the appellant for subscribing to the shares issued to them, was filed by each of them before the AO. Further, from the balance sheet of the share applicants it is seen that they had subscribed to the shares issued by the appellant; and such transactions were duly reflected therein. It is axiomatic that the criteria mandatorily required to be satisfied by the appellant were categorically fulfilled. These facts, in my opinion, clearly prove the genuineness of the transactions. Thus, the evidence adduced on record by the appellant in respect of the share applicants, in my humble opinion, clearly prove their source of funds, and their capacity for making such payments and accordingly, the criteria of their creditworthiness is proved. The AO has not found any defect and/or deficiency in the evidence adduced on record by the appellant. 6.1. It is also observed that the appellant had provided the copies of the acknowledg ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... It is accordingly observed that these facts adequately prove the creditworthiness of the share applicants to make investment in the share capital of the appellant. The aforesaid facts underlined by evidence clearly prove the identity of the share applicants, their capacity and source of funds, as well as the genuineness of the transactions in relation to the share capital issued by the appellant, which was subscribed to by each of them. Thus, it is proved beyond any doubt or dispute that the share applicants are actually found to have subscribed to the share capital issued by the appellant, in the impugned previous year relevant to the assessment year under appeal, as clearly evident from their respective balance sheet adduced on record by the appellant which were filed with the income tax authorities in relation to their own income tax assessments and as such, the genuinity of the sources of such funds are beyond reproach. 6.2. The AO had before him a plethora of evidence adduced on record by the appellant and it is well recognized that if he wished to act in a manner contrary to such proof, he had to disprove them first. At the same time, it is also a well establi ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... , has been duly discharged and nothing further remains to be proved on the issue. Since the conditions precedent for discharging of burden under the provisions of s. 68 of the Act are met, the addition made under such pretext deserves to be deleted. 7. In this respect it is relevant to refer to the decision of the jurisdictional High Court in the case of CIT vs. Sagun Commercial P. Ltd. [ITA No. 54 of 2001 dated 17.02.2011] wherein it was held as under: After hearing the learned advocate for the appellant and after going through the materials on record, we are at one with the Tribunal below as well as the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals) that the approach of the Assessing Officer cannot be supported. Merely because those applicants were not placed before the Assessing Officer, such fact could not justify disbelief of the explanation offered by the assessee when details of Permanent Account Nos. payment details of shareholding and other bank transactions relating to those payments were placed before the Assessing Officer. It appears that the Tribunal below has recorded specifically that the Assessing Officer totally failed to consider those documentary evidence prod ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ,000 equity shares aggregating to Rs. 82,00,000/- from 8 different parties. The Assessing Officer, however, treated the share application money of Rs. 45,00,000/- received from five different persons as unexplained cash credit in the hands of the assessee. According to the Assessing Officer, those parties had the same addresses as that of the assessee and they had no fixed assets and utilised their capitals in share application of the assessee company. The Assessing Officer, therefore, was of the view that the money ultimately went to the beneficiary through these companies and there was no advertisement even published by the assessee company inviting share application and no Registrar was engaged for such raising of share capital. Being dissatisfied the assessee preferred an appeal before the Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals). The Commissioner of Income-tax (Appeals), however, set aside the said order of assessment and came to the conclusion that all the share applicant/companies were assessed to the tax and their PAN and acknowledgement of I.T. returns along with their audited balance sheets, bank statements showing transactions etc. were made available to the Assessing ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... icer of the creditor but instead of adopting such course, the Assessing Officer himself could not enter into the return of the creditor and brand the same as unworthy of credence. The Hon ble High Court further held that so long as it is not established that the return submitted by the creditor (subscriber shareholder) has been rejected by its Assessing Officer, the Assessing Officer of the assessee is bound to accept the same as genuine when the identity of the creditor and the genuineness of transaction through account payee cheque has been established. In the present case also, no evidence was adduced on record that the investments made with the appellant in the shape of share application monies disclosed in the returns of the share applicants were rejected by their respective Assessing Authorities and accordingly, the issue is set at rest by the decision of the jurisdictional High Court on the issue which is applicable in the present context. 7.3. In this respect, the A/R relied on the decision of CIT vs. Divine Leasing Finance Ltd. (2008) 299 ITR 268 (Del) wherein it was held as under: A distillation of the precedents yields the following propositions of law in ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... D 924, it was held as follows: - 3.4. We have heard the rival submissions and perused the materials available on record including the detailed paper book filed by the assessee. The facts stated hereinabove remain undisputed are not reiterated herein for the sake of brevity. We find that the assessee had given the complete details about the share applicants clearly establishing their identity, creditworthiness and genuineness of transaction proved beyond doubt and had duly discharged its onus in full. Nothing prevented the Learned AO to make enquiries from the assessing officers of the concerned share applicants for which every details were very much made available to him by the assessee. We find that the reliance placed by the Learned Ld. CIT(1) on the decision of the Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of CIT v. Lovely Exports (P) Ud reported in (2008) 216 CTR 195 (SC) is very well founded, wherein, it has been very clearly held that the only obligation of the company receiving the share application money is to prove the existence of the shareholders and for which the assessee had discharged the onus of proving their existence and also the source of share application money r ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... y much made available to him by the assessee. We find that the reliance placed by the Learned CITA on the decision of the Hon'ble Apex Court in the case of CIT v. Lovelv Exports (p) Ltd reported in (2008) 216 CTR 195 (SC) is very well founded, wherein, it has been very clearly held that the only obligation of the company receiving the share application money is to prove the existence of the shareholders and for which the assessee had discharged the onus of proving their existence and also the source of share application money received. 6.1. We also find that the impugned issue is also covered by the decision of Hon'ble Calcutta High Court in the case of CIT v. Roseberrv Mercantile (P) Ltd in GA No. 3296 of 2010 ITAT No. 241 of 2010 dated 10.1.2011, wherein the questions raised before their lordships and decision rendered thereon is as under:- On the facts and in the circumstances of the case, Ld. CIT(A) ought to have upheld the assessment order as the transaction entered into by the assessee was a scheme for laundering black money into white money or accounted money and the Ld. CIT(A) ought to have held that the assessee had not established the genuineness of t ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... d as follows:- 6. On appeal by the assessee the CIT(A) deleted the addition made by the AO observing as follows : - (6) I have considered the submission of the appellant and perused the assessment order. I have also gone through the details and documents filed by the appellant company in the course of assessment: proceedings vide letter dt. 3-10-2007. On careful consideration of the facts and in law I am of the opinion that the AO was not justified in making, the addition aggregating to Rs. 54,00,000/- u/s.68 of the Act being the amount of share application money by holding that the appellant company has failed to prove the identity, and creditworthiness of The creditors as well as the genuineness of transactions. It is observed that all the three share applicant companies i.e. M/s. Shree Shyam Trexim Pvt. Ltd., M/s Navalco Commodities Pvt. Ltd. and M/s. Jewellock Trexim Pvt. Ltd. had filed their confirmations wherein each of them confirmed that they had applied for shares of the appellant - company. All the three companies provided- the cheque number, copy of bank statements and their PAN. It is observed that these companies also filed, copies of their return of incom ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... he proof of identity of the shareholder. In this regard it is seen that for A Y.2004-05 Shree Shyam Trexim Pvt. Ltd., was assessed by ITO, Ward- 9(4), Kolkata and the order of assessment u/s/143(3) dated 25.01.2006 is placed in the paper book. Similarly Navalco Commodities Pvt. Ltd., was assessed to tax u/s 143(3) for A Y. 2005-06 by I TO, Ward- 9(4), Kolkata by order dated 20.03.2007. Similarly Jewellock Trexim Pvt. Ltd was assessed to tax for A Y.2005-06 by the very same ITO-Ward- 9(3), Kolkata assessing the Assessee. In the light of the above factual position which is not disputed by the Revenue, it cannot be said that the identity of the share applicants remained not proved by the assessee. The decision of the Hon'ble Allahabad High Court as well as ITAT Kolkata Bench on which reliance was placed by the learned counsel for the assessee also supports the view that for non production of directors of the investor company for examination by the AO it cannot be held that the identity of a limited company has not been established. For the reasons given above we uphold the order of CIT(A) and dismiss the appeal of the Revenue. (d) In the case of ITO vs. Megasun Merchants (P ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ability. In the case of Sumati Dayal (Supra), the assessee has claimed to have won substantial amount in horse races in two consecutive assessment years. When the matter reached the Settlement Commission, it was held by the majority view that the appellant did not really participate in any of the races, except purchasing the winning tickets after the events. The Chairman of the Settlement Commission expressed dissenting opinion and stated that the assessee has produced the evidence in support of the credits in the form of certificates from Racing Clubs. The Apex Court after considering the ratio of CIT vs. Durga Prasad More (Supra) upheld the majority view of the Settlement Commission and held at page 808 of the Report as under: The observation by the Chairman of the Settlement Commission that fraudulent sale of winning tickets is not an usual practice but is very much of an unusual practice ignores the prevalent malpractice that was noticed by the Direct Taxes Enquiry Committee and the recommendations made by the said Committee which led to the amendment of the Act by the Finance Act of 1972, whereby the exemption from tax that was available in respect of winnings from lo ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ned by the appellant. Therefore, in my considered opinion, the appellant has discharged its primary onus of proving the identity and creditworthiness of the share applicants and genuineness of the transactions, more so when the share applicants had sufficient funds in their possession from which such investment in share subscriptions were made. Thus, the requirements of the provisions of s. 68 of the Act are duly met by the appellant and therefore, the AO was entirely in error in resorting to the impugned addition thereunder misconceiving the sweep and scope of the case of CIT vs. Sumati Dayal (supra). 9.1. Further, I am aware of the recent decision of the Hon ble Apex Court in the case of Principal CIT vs. NRA Iron Steel (P) Ltd (2019) 412 ITR 161 (SC) wherein the addition made on account of share capital towards cash credit was rendered in favour of the revenue. I have gone through the said judgement and I find in that case, the AO had made extensive enquiries and from that he had found that some of the investor companies were non-existent which is not the case before me. Certain investor companies did not produce their bank statements proving the source for making invest ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... rt in the case of Loevely Exports Pvt. Ltd. 216 CTR 195, the Ld. CIT(A) deleted the addition holding that the AO has not justified in adding the increase in share capital alongwith share premium as unexplained cash credit u/s. 68 of the Act. In fact, this decision was approved by the Hon ble Bombay High Court in the case of CIT vs. Gagandeep Infrastructure P. Ltd. (2017) 394 ITR 680 (Bom) as follows: - We find that the proviso to section 68 of the Act has been introduced by the Finance Act 2012 with effect from 1 st April, 2013. Thus it would be effective only from the Assessment Year 2013-14 onwards and not for the subject Assessment Year. In fact, before the Tribunal, it was not even the case of the Revenue that Section 68 of the Act as in force during the subject years has to be read/understood as though the proviso added subsequently effective only from 1st April, 2013 was its normal meaning. The Parliament did not introduce to proviso to Section 68 of the Act with retrospective effect nor does the proviso so introduced states that it was introduced for removal of doubts or that it is declaratory . Therefore it is not open to give it retrospective effect, by p ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ne which is contrary to the facts brought on record by the appellant during the course of assessment proceeding. The creditworthiness of the share applicants as regards their subscription to the share capital is proved by the source as apparent from their audited balance sheet, return and bank statement. The net worth of such subscribers are in excess of the amounts invested by each of them with the appellant. The addition made by AO is based on extraneous parameters not germane for deciding the issue. The AO had not dealt with the issue judiciously and rejected the evidence adduced during the course of the assessment proceedings by the appellant out of hand. Thus, it is held that the investment by the share applicants in the share capital of the appellant do not warrant the inference that such share application along with premium received is unaccounted cash credit. There is no material brought on record to that effect and wild speculation of this genre cannot be passed off as gospel truth. Hence, I am inclined to accept the submissions made by the AR of appellant in this respect. In view of the above, I have no hesitation to hold that the impugned addition made by invoking the pr ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... received by an assessee, is on the assessee. Once the assessee has submitted the documents relating to identity, genuineness of the transaction, and credit- worthiness, then the AO must conduct an inquiry, and call for more details before invoking Section 68. If the Assessee is not able to provide a satisfactory explanation of the nature and source, of the investments made, it is open to the Revenue to hold that it is the income of the assessee, and there would be no further burden on the revenue to show that the income is from any particular source. Thereafter the Hon ble Supreme court summed up the principles, which emerged after deliberating upon various case laws, as under: 11. The principles which emerge where sums of money are credited as Share Capital/Premium are: i. The assessee is under a legal obligation to prove the genuineness of the transaction, the identity of the creditors, and credit-worthiness of the investors who should have the financial capacity to make the investment in question, to the satisfaction of the AO, so as to discharge the primary onus. ii. The Assessing Officer is duty bound to investigate the credit- worthiness of the creditor ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... atter further. The revenue did not examine the source of income of the said alleged creditors to find out whether they were credit-worthy or were such who could advance the alleged loans. There was no effort made to pursue the so- called alleged creditors. In those circumstances, the assessee could not do any further. In the premises, if the Tribunal came to the conclusion that the assessee had discharged the burden that lay on him, then it could not be said that such a conclusion was unreasonable or perverse or based on no evidence. If the conclusion was based on some evidence on which a conclusion could be arrived at, no question of law as such could arise . {emphasis ours} b) The ITAT Kolkata Bench in ITO vs Cygnus Developers (I) P Ltd in ITA No. 282/Kol/2012 dated 2.3.2016, held as follows: 9. We have considered the rival submissions., We are of the view that order of CIT(A) does not call for any interference. It may be seen from the grounds of appeal raised by the Revenue that the Revenue disputed only the proof of identity of the shareholder. In this regard it is seen that for A Y.2004-05 Shree Shyam Trexim Pvt. Ltd., was assessed by ITO, Ward- 9(4), Kolkata a ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ad raised share capital of Rs. 7,60,00,000/-from 6 parties. In the course of the assessment proceedings, to verify the receipt of share capital, the AO issued notices u/s.133(6) to all the 6 share applicants and in response, they all confirmed the transactions submitted the details/document in respect of the subscription of shares of the appellant. In the course of the appellate proceedings, the appellant filed copy of each of the assessment orders passed in all the 6 cases of the shareholders for that year in which the share subscription amount has been received by the assessee company. Besides, the income-tax return filing acknowledgment, Audited Balance and sheets as on 31.03.2012, relevant bank, copy of the notices issued u/s 133(6) to the shareholders and reply thereof were also submitted. It is observed form the details documents furnished by the appellant that in the cases of 2 share holders, namely 1) M/s Alfort Merchants Private Limited, 2) M/s Sharekhan Merchants Private Limited, the Assessment Orders u/s 143(3) for Lne AY 2012-13 were passed u/s. 143(3) without taking any adverse view. Therefore, it can be assumed that the respective Assessing Officers have all v ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... ny on Grounds No.1 2 are treated as allowed. Ground no. 3 is general in nature, which does not require adjudication. 6. In the result, the appeal of the assessee is treated as allowed. 6. A perusal of the above concluding part of the order of the CIT(A) reveals that the ld. CIT(A) has not only taken note of the accounts of the share subscribers but also, noted that all the six share subscribers were assessed u/s 143(3) of the Act. Out of which, no additions were made in case of two share subscribers. However, in the case of other four share subscribers, the additions were made regarding their source of income. Now, it is settled law, once the addition has been made in the hands of the share subscribers, the investments by which share subscribers in the hands of the other company whose shares have been subscribed stood explained then no additions in such a case would be warranted in the hands of the assessee company as it would amount to double additions of the same amount. Even if the said addition stand confirmed in the appeal or stand deleted, in both the instances, the investment in the hands of the assessee company will stand proved. Reliance has been ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... Court in the case of PCIT, Panji vs. Paradise Inland Shipping Pvt. Ltd. reported in (2017) 84 taxman.com 58 (Bom) wherein the Hon ble High Court has held that once the assessee has produced documentary evidence to establish the existence of the subscriber companies, the burden would shift on the revenue to establish their case. Further the jurisdictional Calcutta High Court in the case of Crystal networks (P) Ltd. vs CIT (supra) has held as under: We find considerable force of the submissions of the learned counsel for the appellant that the Tribunal has merely noticed that since the summons issued before assessment returned unserved and no one came forward to prove. Therefore it shall be assumed that the assessee failed to prove the existence of the creditors or for that matter creditworthiness. As rightly pointed out by the learned counsel that the CIT(Appeals) has taken the trouble of examining of all other materials and documents viz., confirmatory statements, invoices, challans and vouchers showing supply of bidi as against the advance. Therefore, the attendance of the witnesses pursuant to the summons issued in our view is not important. The important is to prove as ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X ..... accept or reject it. Where the assessee furnishes full details regarding the creditors, it is up to the Department to pursue the matter further to locate those creditors and examine their creditworthiness. While drawing the inference, it cannot be assumed in the absence of any material that there have been some illegalities in the assessee s transaction. Held, dismissing the appeal, that the allegations against the assessee were in respect of thirteen transactions. The Assessing Officer issued a show-cause notice only in respect of one of the lenders. The assessee responded to the show-cause notice and submitted the reply. The documents annexed to the reply were classified under three categories namely: to establish the identity of the lender, to prove the genuineness of the transactions and to establish the creditworthiness of the lender. The Assessing Officer had brushed aside these documents and in a very casual manner had stated that merely filing the permanent account number details, and balance sheet did not absolve the assessee from his responsibility of proving the nature of the transaction. There was no discussion by the Assessing Officer on the correctness of the st ..... X X X X Extracts X X X X X X X X Extracts X X X X
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