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Issues:
1. Determination of whether the 'protection charge' incurred by the assessee-company in digging a trench was revenue or capital expenditure. Analysis: The case involved a reference under section 256(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961, where the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Patna Bench, referred the question of whether the expenditure incurred by the assessee in digging a trench was revenue or capital in nature. The assessee, a colliery company, incurred the expenditure to protect its coal seams from a fire outbreak in the adjoining seam. The total expenditure was about Rs. 27,000, out of which a portion was reimbursed by the Coal Board. The Income-tax Officer and the Appellate Assistant Commissioner deemed the expenditure as capital, while the Tribunal held it to be revenue expenditure due to the necessity of protecting the assets for the business to continue. The Tribunal framed the question for the High Court to decide. The High Court analyzed various legal principles to determine the nature of the expenditure. It highlighted that expenditure leading to an enduring benefit to a capital asset is considered capital expenditure. However, if the expenditure is necessary for the business to continue in a particular year, even if it protects capital assets, it is deemed revenue expenditure. The Court referred to previous judgments, including the case of Moygan v. Tate & Lyle Ltd., emphasizing that expenses for protecting business assets or property are considered revenue expenditure. It also mentioned the case of Commissioner of Income-tax v. Malayalam Plantations Ltd., which stressed the broad scope of expenses "for the purpose of the business." The Court distinguished the present case from previous decisions cited by the department, emphasizing the aim and object of the expenditure to determine its character. It referenced the Supreme Court's emphasis on the purpose of the expenditure in distinguishing between capital and revenue expenditure. Ultimately, the Court concluded that the protection charge incurred by the assessee in digging the trench was revenue expenditure, as it was necessary to protect the capital assets for the business to operate in the specific year. The judgment favored the assessee, and the department was directed to bear the costs of the reference. In conclusion, the High Court determined that the 'protection charge' incurred by the assessee-company in digging a trench was considered revenue expenditure based on the necessity of protecting the capital assets for the business to continue in the specific year. The judgment relied on legal principles emphasizing the purpose of the expenditure and distinguished the case from previous decisions to support its conclusion.
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