2025 (5) TMI 1479 - AT - Income Tax

Accrual of income - amount of hardship compensation received - as noted that assessee was a member of the housing society and that the society was the owner of the properties (flats); and it had entered into agreement for development of the property with the builder and by virtue of such an agreement with the developer for re-developing the property each member of the society received a new flat in exchange of surrender of old flat. HELD THAT - The issue in question is squarely covered by the decision of Kunnama V Balakrishnan 2024 (2) TMI 451 - ITAT MUMBAI answered the question in favour of the assessee by holding it to be capital receipt not liable to tax. As observed in similar case that the impugned receipt ends up reducing the cost of acquisition of the asset i.e. flat and therefore the same will be taken into account when occasion arises for computing capital gains in respect of said. Subject to these observation the appeal of assessee is allowed.

Summary

The core legal questions considered in these appeals pertain to the taxability of amounts received by the assessee as "hardship compensation" under a redevelopment agreement. Specifically, the issues are:

1. Whether the amount received as hardship compensation from the builder in the context of redevelopment of a flat owned by the assessee constitutes income taxable under the Income Tax Act, 1961, or is a capital receipt exempt from tax.

2. Whether the delay in filing the appeals should be condoned, allowing the appeals to be heard on merits despite the procedural lapse.

3. The applicability and relevance of judicial precedents and principles such as the "principle of mutuality" and the distinction between capital and revenue receipts in the context of redevelopment compensation.

Issue 1: Taxability of Hardship Compensation Received Under Redevelopment Agreement

Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: The Income Tax Act, 1961, particularly section 2(24), defines income and includes capital gains chargeable under section 45. However, capital receipts not specifically made taxable are generally excluded from income. The principle distinction between capital and revenue receipts is well-established in case law. The Supreme Court decisions in Padmraje R. Kardambande vs CIT and Dr. George Thomas K vs CIT emphasize that capital receipts are outside the scope of income unless specifically brought within it by statute. The burden lies on the revenue to establish the revenue nature of the receipt. Further, the Supreme Court in CIT vs Kamal Behari Lal Singha clarified that the nature of receipt is to be determined from the perspective of the recipient, not the payer.

In the present case, the assessee received hardship compensation from a builder under a redevelopment agreement involving surrender of an old flat and allotment of a new flat. The Assessing Officer (AO) treated this amount as income, equating it to a dividend from the housing society, thereby a revenue receipt taxable under "income from other sources." The AO reasoned that the housing society received the redevelopment consideration from the builder and passed it on to members, including the assessee, and that this transaction was commercial and outside the principle of mutuality.

The assessee contended that the hardship compensation was a capital receipt, paid as rehabilitation allowance for displacement due to redevelopment, and not taxable as income.

The Tribunal relied on a coordinate bench decision in Kunnama V Balakrishnan vs ITO, which dealt with similar facts. That decision held that such hardship compensation is a capital receipt and not taxable as income. The Tribunal extensively analyzed the nature of the receipt, the terms of the redevelopment agreement, and relevant precedents. It emphasized that the compensation was paid for displacement and was over and above the exchange of old flat for new flat, thus representing a capital receipt related to the capital asset (flat) of the assessee.

The Tribunal rejected the AO's characterization of the amount as dividend or revenue receipt, noting the inapplicability of the principle of mutuality does not convert the receipt into income. The Tribunal further observed that the amount would reduce the cost of acquisition of the new asset and be relevant for capital gains computation, consistent with prior decisions such as Kushal K. Bangia v ITO and Jitendra Kumar Soneja v ITO.

The Departmental Representative (DR) relied on the AO and CIT(A) orders but conceded that the amount was paid as hardship allowance. The Tribunal found the reliance on the Supreme Court decision in Bangalore Club v CIT by the AO/CIT(A) irrelevant to the facts at hand.

Application of Law to Facts: The Tribunal applied the principle that capital receipts are not taxable as income unless specifically brought within the Act's ambit. The hardship compensation was linked to the capital asset and displacement due to redevelopment, thus qualifying as a capital receipt. The AO's view that the amount was revenue in nature was not supported by the facts or legal precedents.

Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Tribunal carefully considered the AO's and CIT(A)'s reasoning, the DR's submissions, and the assessee's contentions. It found the assessee's arguments supported by binding precedents and consistent legal principles, while the revenue's arguments failed to establish the revenue nature of the receipt.

Conclusion: The Tribunal held that the hardship compensation received by the assessee is a capital receipt and not taxable as income under section 2(24) of the Income Tax Act. The amount should be considered for reducing the cost of acquisition of the flat for capital gains computation.

Issue 2: Condonation of Delay in Filing Appeals

Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: The Supreme Court in Land Acquisition Collector vs Mst. Katiji & Ors. laid down that substantial justice must be preferred over technicalities in cases of non-deliberate delay. The expression "sufficient cause" for condonation of delay is to be liberally construed.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Tribunal noted a delay in filing the appeals but found that the assessee had filed an affidavit explaining the delay satisfactorily. Applying the principles from the Katiji case, the Tribunal prioritized substantial justice over procedural delay.

Conclusion: The Tribunal condoned the delay in filing the appeals and proceeded to hear the appeals on merits.

Issue 3: Applicability of Principle of Mutuality and Characterization of Receipt

Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: The principle of mutuality generally exempts receipts among members of a mutual association from being treated as income. However, when receipts come from a third party (builder) and are passed on by the society to members, the principle may not apply. The AO relied on this to treat the amount as dividend-like income.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Tribunal observed that although the principle of mutuality did not apply, this did not convert the receipt into income. The nature of the receipt must be determined in the hands of the recipient, focusing on the substance and purpose of the payment rather than the form or source.

Conclusion: The Tribunal rejected the AO's characterization of the hardship compensation as dividend or revenue receipt on the ground of non-application of mutuality, holding that the receipt remained a capital receipt.

Significant Holdings:

"The receipt of 'Hardship Compensation' given to the assessee pursuant to the re-development agreement is a capital receipt and cannot be treated as revenue receipt as held by the AO/Ld. CIT(A)."

"The issue as to whether the hardship compensation received by the assessee from builder in terms of the re-development agreement is no longer res-integra and the coordinate Bench of this Tribunal in the case of Kushal K. Bangia (supra) have answered the question in favour of the assessee by holding it to be capital receipt not liable to tax."

"The burden is on the revenue to establish that the receipt is of revenue nature though once the receipt is found to be of revenue character, whether it comes under exemption or not, it is for the assessee to establish."

"It is now well settled that, in order to find out whether it is a capital receipt or revenue receipt, one has to see what it is in the hands of the receiver and not what it is in the hands of the payer."

"The impugned receipt ends up reducing the cost of acquisition of the asset, i.e., flat, and therefore the same will be taken into account as such, as and when occasion arises for computing capital gains in respect of the said asset."

"Where substantial justice is pitted against technicalities of non-deliberate delay, then in that eventuality substantial justice is to be preferred."

Final determinations were that the delay in filing the appeals was condoned, and the hardship compensation received by the assessee under the redevelopment agreement was held to be a capital receipt, not taxable as income under the Income Tax Act. The appeals were allowed accordingly.