2025 (5) TMI 1790 - AT - Income Tax

Rejection of books of accounts - Addition on account of low Gross Profit - HELD THAT - As undisputed fact that the same project was sold during the present assessment year with interest cost. Thus the margin between the realization and stock has gone down as compared to earlier years. Assessee furnished the details of interest paid year-wise and also demonstrated valuation of closing stock which inclusive of interest cost before the AO. The same was not considered by the AO and rejected the books of accounts only on the ground that the gross profit declared during this year is lesser than the preceding year. We find neither specific or material defect in the books of account nor any instance of sales suppression or unrecorded transactions. There is no purchase of new land by the assessee. Thus the AO is not correct in rejecting the books of accounts as maintained by the assessee. Estimation of Gross Profit - There is no comparable industry data or market survey to justify the arbitrary estimation at 9.94% arrived by AO. Hence such estimation in the absence of any suppression of income or defects in accounting is unwarranted and such addition is liable to be deleted. Perusal of the scrutiny assessment orders passed by the department in assessee s own case wherein no discrepancy in GP ratio was found by the AO and the returned income were accepted by making some small addition on other disallowances. When the same commercial project of shops and offices were sold by the assessee. Thus gross profit estimation made by the AO is not legally tenable and the additions made thereon are liable to be deleted. Appeal filed by the Assessee is partly allowed.

Summary

The core legal questions considered in this appeal relate primarily to the validity of the Assessing Officer's (AO) rejection of the assessee's books of account under section 145(3) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, and the consequent estimation of gross profit leading to an addition to the taxable income. Specifically, the issues are:

• Whether the notice issued under section 143(2) of the Act and subsequent proceedings were valid (initially raised but later not pressed by the assessee).
• Whether the AO was justified in rejecting the assessee's books of account under section 145(3) of the Act due to a fall in gross profit percentage and absence of unit-wise stock details.
• Whether the AO's estimation of gross profit at 9.94% on turnover, resulting in an addition of approximately Rs. 2.88 crores, was justified in light of the facts and accounting practices followed by the assessee.

The first issue regarding the validity of the notice under section 143(2) was not pressed by the assessee and therefore dismissed at the outset.

Regarding the rejection of books of account under section 145(3), the AO relied on a significant drop in gross profit percentage from 4.49% in the previous year to 0.71% in the year under consideration, coupled with the absence of unit-wise stock details, to reject the books and estimate gross profit at 9.94%. The assessee challenged this, contending that the books were audited under both the Companies Act and section 44AB of the Income Tax Act, maintained on a consistent basis, and included capitalization of interest costs into the valuation of land stock. The assessee argued that the fall in gross profit was due to delayed project sales, fixed sale prices from early bookings, and increased interest burden capitalized into stock, which was properly reflected in the stock valuation submitted to the AO. The business model, being that of a landowner rather than a developer, did not warrant unit-wise inventory details. The AO did not find any defects in the books but rejected them solely based on the gross profit percentage decline.

The Tribunal noted that the books of account were duly audited and maintained consistently, including interest capitalization. It emphasized that the nature of the business (landowner) did not necessitate unit-wise stock details. No evidence of sales suppression or unrecorded transactions was found. Therefore, the rejection of books of account by the AO was not justified.

On the issue of estimation of gross profit, the AO applied an average gross profit rate of 9.94% based on three prior years, despite the gross profit for the immediately preceding year (2016-17) being accepted at 4.49% by the department itself in scrutiny assessments. The assessee explained the decline in gross profit as attributable to delayed sales, fixed sale prices, and increased interest costs capitalized into stock valuation. The closing stock valuation submitted by the assessee included interest costs apportioned on the basis of sold versus unsold units. The AO did not find discrepancies in the valuation but still proceeded with the estimation.

The Tribunal observed that the AO's estimation lacked any comparable industry data or market survey to justify the 9.94% gross profit rate. The estimation was arbitrary and unwarranted, especially in the absence of any income suppression or accounting defects. The Tribunal also referred to scrutiny assessment orders for the previous two years where the AO accepted the gross profit ratios declared by the assessee for the same project, further undermining the basis for the current estimation. Consequently, the addition made on account of estimated gross profit was held to be legally untenable.

In conclusion, the Tribunal allowed the appeal in part by:

• Dismissing the ground challenging the notice under section 143(2) as not pressed.
• Rejecting the AO's rejection of books of account under section 145(3) due to lack of material defect or justification.
• Holding that the AO's estimation of gross profit at 9.94% was arbitrary and unsupported by evidence or comparable data, and deleting the addition of Rs. 2.88 crores made on this basis.

Key legal principles established include the necessity for the AO to have tangible material or defects in books of account before invoking section 145(3) to reject them, and that estimation of income or gross profit must be based on sound data and not arbitrary averages, especially when consistent audited accounts and reasonable explanations are provided by the assessee. The Tribunal underscored the importance of considering the business model and accounting practices, such as capitalization of interest, in evaluating gross profit margins.

Verbatim crucial legal reasoning includes:

"We find neither specific or material defect in the books of account nor any instance of sales suppression or unrecorded transactions. Further there is no purchase of new land by the assessee. Thus the Assessing Officer is not correct in rejecting the books of accounts as maintained by the assessee."

"There is no comparable industry data or market survey to justify the arbitrary estimation at 9.94% arrived by the Ld AO. Hence, such estimation, in the absence of any suppression of income or defects in accounting, is unwarranted and such addition is liable to be deleted."

The final determinations were that the AO's rejection of books and estimation of gross profit were both unsustainable, leading to deletion of the addition and acceptance of the returned income as filed by the assessee for the assessment year 2017-18.