2025 (6) TMI 528 - HC - Indian Laws

Dishonour of Cheque - offence under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 (NI Act) is attracted when the drawer s bank account is provisionally attached or frozen by a statutory authority prior to the presentation of the cheque thereby rendering the account inoperable - HELD THAT - Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 makes it clear that a cheque s dishonour does not automatically lead to prosecution under the Act. For prosecution to be initiated the dishonoured cheque must have been returned unpaid either due to insufficient funds in the account or because the cheque exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from the account by an agreement between the account holder and the bank. In this context the dishonour must result from the account holder s failure to maintain the necessary balance or limit. Perusal of the record indicates that on 18.01.2024 the Commissioner of the CGST Delhi South Commissionerate issued a communication to the State Bank of India provisionally attaching the petitioner s bank account under Section 83 of the CGST Act 2017 and prohibiting any debits without prior departmental approval (Annexure P3). This order effectively froze the account and restricted all transactions. The same was confirmed by the bank s letter dated 03.03.2025 stating that a STOP had been marked on Account No. 41070762619 on 02.02.2024 pursuant to the CGST attachment order dated 22.01.2024 and that no transactions could be permitted until further instructions were received from the department. Under Section 138 of the NI Act an offence is committed when a cheque is drawn from an account maintained by the drawer and it is returned unpaid due to insufficient funds. Even though the cheque return memo may mention its reason for dishonor as insufficient funds the fact remains that the petitioners account was frozen by the CGST Department and thus it could not be said to be maintained by them at the relevant time. Since the petitioners were unable to operate the account or issue valid instructions to the bank due to the attachment the essential ingredients of Section 138 are not fulfilled. Even if the funds in the account were insufficient at the time of presentation of the cheques the account having been frozen by the CGST it would not have been possible for the petitioner to maintain sufficiency of funds in his account for the cheques to be honoured. The petition is allowed and the summoning order is quashed.

Summary

1. ISSUES PRESENTED and CONSIDERED

The core legal questions considered by the Court were:

• Whether the offence under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (NI Act) is attracted when the drawer's bank account is provisionally attached or frozen by a statutory authority prior to the presentation of the cheque, thereby rendering the account inoperable;
• Whether a bank account subject to a statutory attachment can be considered as "maintained" by the drawer for the purpose of Section 138 NI Act;
• Whether the drawer's prior knowledge of the attachment and subsequent issuance of cheques from the frozen account amounts to culpable conduct attracting penal consequences under Section 138;
• Whether the trial court erred in summoning the petitioners without appreciating the effect of the statutory attachment and the petitioners' communication to the respondent regarding the freezing of the account;
• Whether the dishonour of the cheque due to account freezing constitutes a willful default or insufficient funds within the meaning of Section 138 NI Act.

2. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS

Issue 1: Applicability of Section 138 NI Act when the drawer's bank account is frozen by statutory authorities prior to cheque presentation

The Court examined the legal framework under Section 138 NI Act, which penalizes the drawer of a cheque if it is returned unpaid due to insufficient funds or exceeding the arranged amount in the account maintained by the drawer. The essential ingredient is that the cheque must be drawn on an account "maintained" by the drawer and dishonoured due to the drawer's failure to maintain sufficient funds.

Precedents such as Deepinder Singh Bedi v. State and Kusum Ingots & Alloys Ltd. v. Pennar Peterson Securities Ltd. were relied upon, which held that dishonour caused by freezing or attachment of the bank account by statutory authorities is beyond the drawer's control and does not constitute an offence under Section 138. The Court reasoned that when an account is attached, the drawer loses the ability to operate it or instruct the bank, thereby negating the condition of "maintaining" the account for the purpose of Section 138.

The Court noted that the attachment under Section 83 of the CGST Act, 2017, prohibited any debit transactions from the petitioners' account from 22.01.2024, before the cheques were presented on 08.02.2024. The bank's confirmation of the stop on the account reinforced that the account was not operable at the time of cheque presentation.

Thus, the Court concluded that the offence under Section 138 could not be invoked when the dishonour resulted from statutory attachment rather than insufficiency of funds or willful default.

Issue 2: Whether a bank account frozen by statutory attachment can be considered "maintained" by the drawer

The Court analyzed the concept of an account being "maintained" within the meaning of Section 138 NI Act. Citing Vijay Chaudhary v. Gyan Chand Jain, it was emphasized that for an account to be maintained, the drawer must be able to operate it by depositing or withdrawing funds and issuing instructions to the bank.

Once an account is attached by a statutory authority, the drawer cannot operate it or give binding instructions to the bank. The bank is legally obliged to comply with the attachment and cannot honour any transactions without departmental approval. Hence, the account ceases to be "maintained" by the drawer in the operative sense required under the NI Act.

Accordingly, the Court held that the petitioners' account, being under provisional attachment by the CGST Department, was not "maintained" at the time the cheques were presented.

Issue 3: Effect of the drawer's prior knowledge of attachment and issuance of cheques from the frozen account

The respondent contended that the petitioners had knowledge of the attachment from 22.01.2024 and yet issued cheques which were dishonoured, amounting to negligence or culpable conduct under Section 138.

The Court examined the petitioners' communication and found that the cheques were issued in November-December 2023 before the attachment occurred. Upon learning of the attachment in January 2024, the petitioners promptly informed the respondent and requested that the cheques not be presented without consent. This mutual understanding was not honored by the respondent, who presented the cheques on 08.02.2024 despite knowledge of the attachment.

The Court distinguished between willful default and inability to operate the account due to statutory attachment. Mere knowledge of attachment does not translate into culpable conduct if the drawer had no control over the account at the time of presentation. Therefore, the Court rejected the argument that prior knowledge alone attracts penal consequences under Section 138.

Issue 4: Whether the trial court erred in summoning the petitioners without appreciating the effect of statutory attachment and communications

The petitioners argued that the trial court failed to consider the material facts and legal principles, including the petitioners' reply to the legal notice enclosing the attachment order and communications with the respondent.

The Court agreed, observing that the trial court summoning order dated 18.09.2024 did not adequately appreciate that the account was frozen and the petitioners had no capacity to operate it. The trial court's order was therefore legally unsustainable.

Issue 5: Whether dishonour due to account freezing constitutes willful default or insufficient funds under Section 138 NI Act

The Court reiterated that Section 138 requires dishonour due to insufficiency of funds or failure to maintain arranged amount. Dishonour caused by statutory freezing of the account is fundamentally different.

Reliance was placed on precedents such as Sachin Jain v. Rajesh Jain and Ceasefire Industries Ltd. v. State, which held that dishonour beyond the drawer's control does not satisfy the core ingredients of Section 138.

The Court noted that even though the bank memo stated "insufficient funds", the actual cause was the CGST attachment, making the dishonour involuntary and not attributable to the drawer's default.

3. SIGNIFICANT HOLDINGS

The Court held:

"For an account to be maintained by an account holder, it is essential that he is in a position to operate the said account by either depositing monies therein or by withdrawing money therefrom. He should be in a position to give effective instructions to his banker with whom the account is maintained. However, in the present case, once the account has been attached by an order of the Court, the said account could not be operated by the petitioner. He could not have issued any binding instructions to his banker, and the banker was not obliged to honour any of his instructions in relation to the said account, so long as the attachment under the court orders continued."

The Court concluded that the petitioners' bank account was not "maintained" in the operative sense at the time of cheque presentation due to the CGST attachment, and therefore the essential ingredients of Section 138 NI Act were not fulfilled.

Accordingly, the summoning order dated 18.09.2024 was quashed, and the proceedings under CC No. 4878/2024 were set aside.