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2025 (6) TMI 1825 - HC - IBCEntitlement to raise demands for arrear rent cess and conversion fees pertaining to periods prior to the implementation date of the Resolution Plan - such claims were admittedly not submitted before the Resolution Professional during the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process nor included in the Resolution Plan duly approved under Section 31(1) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016. HELD THAT - The object and intent behind Section 31(1) is to secure finality in the resolution process. Once a resolution plan is approved by the Adjudicating Authority it becomes binding on all stakeholders including the Central and State Governments and statutory authorities. The rationale is to ensure that the successful resolution applicant is not burdened with claims that were not disclosed or settled during CIRP thereby enabling a clean slate takeover and revival of the corporate debtor. It is evident that the Petitioner originally Ind-Bharath Energy (Utkal) Limited and now JSW Energy (Utkal) Limited underwent CIRP commencing from 29.08.2018. The Resolution Plan submitted by M/s JSW Energy Limited was approved by the NCLT on 25.07.2022 and implemented with effect from 28.12.2022 - The Resolution Professional issued a public notice on 30.08.2018 inviting claims. The final list of creditors as submitted before the NCLT did not include any claim from the Opposite Parties. Thus all claims pertaining to the period prior to the Implementation Date i.e. 28.12.2022 which were not part of the approved Resolution Plan stood extinguished in law. The demands pertain to periods well before the Implementation Date and were never submitted during the CIRP. In view of the statutory framework and the settled legal position under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 such post-implementation demands lack legal sanctity and are unenforceable in law - The contention of the Opposite Parties that statutory dues stand on a higher footing and survive beyond CIRP is directly contrary to the settled legal position. Conclusion - This Court has no hesitation in holding that the impugned demand notices issued by the Opposite Parties are in clear breach of Section 31 of the IBC and are liable to be quashed. Petition allowed.
The core legal questions considered in this judgment revolve around the interplay between statutory recovery proceedings initiated under the Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1962, and the effect of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC), particularly the binding nature of an approved resolution plan under Section 31(1) of the IBC. The principal issues are:
(i) Whether the statutory demands for arrear rent, cess, and conversion fees raised by the Tahasildar for periods prior to the implementation date of the approved resolution plan are legally sustainable. (ii) Whether claims not submitted during the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) and not included in the approved resolution plan stand extinguished by operation of law under the IBC. (iii) Whether the State authorities had jurisdiction to initiate or continue recovery proceedings under the Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1962, in light of the moratorium imposed under Sections 13 and 14 of the IBC. (iv) The applicability and overriding effect of Section 238 of the IBC over inconsistent laws, including the Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1962. (v) Whether the demand notices issued without prior opportunity of hearing or show-cause notices violated principles of natural justice. (vi) The legal effect of audit objections raised by the Accountant General in relation to demands for conversion fees. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Extinguishment of Pre-Implementation Claims under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 The legal framework central to this issue is Section 31(1) of the IBC, which mandates that once a resolution plan is approved by the Adjudicating Authority (National Company Law Tribunal), it becomes binding on the corporate debtor, its employees, members, creditors, including Central and State Governments, local authorities, guarantors, and other stakeholders. This provision ensures finality in the insolvency resolution process by binding all claims and liabilities as per the approved plan. Precedents such as the Supreme Court's rulings in Ghanashyam Mishra and Sons (P) Ltd. v. Edelweiss Asset Reconstruction Co. Ltd. and Committee of Creditors of Essar Steel India Ltd. v. Satish Kumar Gupta affirm that all claims not included in the approved resolution plan stand extinguished. The "clean slate" principle is foundational, ensuring the successful resolution applicant acquires the corporate debtor free from undisclosed or unsettled liabilities. In the present case, the Resolution Plan was approved on 25.07.2022 and implemented on 28.12.2022. The Resolution Professional had invited claims by public notice on 30.08.2018, but no claims from the Opposite Parties were submitted or included in the final list of creditors. Consequently, demands for arrear rent, cess, and conversion fees relating to periods prior to 28.12.2022 are legally extinguished. The Court interpreted the statutory provisions and binding precedents to conclude that the demands raised post-implementation for pre-implementation periods are devoid of legal sanctity. The Petitioner's contention that all such liabilities stood extinguished by operation of law upon approval of the resolution plan is upheld. Competing arguments by the Opposite Parties, asserting that statutory dues cannot be extinguished by procedural lapses or insolvency processes, were rejected as contrary to the settled legal position under the IBC. 2. Jurisdiction and Validity of Recovery Proceedings under the Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1962 The Opposite Parties relied on their statutory authority under the Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1962, and the Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960, to issue demand notices and initiate recovery proceedings for rent, cess, and conversion fees. They contended that these statutory dues are continuing obligations and not subject to extinguishment under the IBC. The Court examined Section 238 of the IBC, which provides that the provisions of the Code override any other law inconsistent therewith. Given that the IBC provides a comprehensive mechanism for claim submission and adjudication during CIRP, and that claims not included in the approved resolution plan stand extinguished, the Court found that the recovery proceedings initiated under the Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act for pre-implementation dues were without jurisdiction. Further, the moratorium imposed under Sections 13 and 14 of the IBC prohibits institution or continuation of recovery proceedings during the CIRP. The initiation of OPDR Case No. 30/2020 in 2020 was held to be in violation of this moratorium. The Court rejected the Opposite Parties' argument that statutory dues are immune from the CIRP process, emphasizing the overriding effect of the IBC and the binding nature of the resolution plan on all stakeholders, including statutory authorities. 3. Principles of Natural Justice and Procedural Fairness The Petitioner contended that demand notices were issued without affording any opportunity of hearing or issuance of show-cause notices, violating principles of natural justice. The Court noted this submission and found that such procedural lapses further vitiate the demands. The Opposite Parties did not effectively counter this argument, and the Court implicitly endorsed the necessity of adherence to natural justice in recovery proceedings. 4. Effect of Audit Objections and Demands Based on Accountant General's Reports The Tahasildar's demand dated 11.09.2024 for Rs. 22,70,568/- was based on an audit objection by the Accountant General regarding short realization of conversion fees. The Petitioner argued that the demand was founded solely on the audit report without independent assessment or application of mind, amounting to abdication of statutory responsibility. The Court held that audit objections alone do not constitute adjudicated liabilities and cannot override the statutory protections under the IBC. The demand, being for a pre-implementation period and not included in the resolution plan, was held to be unsustainable. 5. Application of Law to Facts and Conclusion on Each Issue Applying the above legal principles to the facts, the Court found that:
The Court ordered the Opposite Parties to refund the amounts deposited by the Petitioner under protest within four weeks, quashed all impugned demand notices, and allowed the writ petition. Significant Holdings and Core Principles Established: "Once a resolution plan is duly approved by the Adjudicating Authority under sub-section (1) of Section 31, the claims as provided in the resolution plan shall stand frozen and will be binding on the Corporate Debtor and its employees, members, creditors, including the Central Government, any State Government or any local authority, guarantors and other stakeholders. On the date of approval of resolution plan by the Adjudicating Authority, all such claims, which are not a part of resolution plan, shall stand extinguished and no person will be entitled to initiate or continue any proceedings in respect to a claim, which is not part of the resolution plan." This judgment reaffirms the overriding effect of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, over inconsistent laws and the binding nature of approved resolution plans on statutory authorities. It underscores the "clean slate" principle, ensuring that the successful resolution applicant is not saddled with undisclosed or unsettled liabilities arising prior to the implementation date. Recovery proceedings initiated for pre-implementation dues, which were not part of the resolution plan, are held to be legally unsustainable and without jurisdiction. The Court's final determination unequivocally quashed all impugned demand notices relating to pre-implementation periods and directed refund of amounts paid under protest, thereby preserving the sanctity and efficacy of the insolvency resolution process as envisaged under the IBC.
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