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2025 (7) TMI 63 - HC - Indian LawsDishonour of cheque - acquittal of accused - unrebutted witness - failure to prove that the Respondent No. 2 was the proprietor of Respondent No. 1 having any liability to pay the amount under the disputed cheque - HELD THAT - It is a settled position of law that in case of a Proprietorship concern it is only the proprietor who can be held liable under Section 138 of the NI Act since the Proprietorship concern has no separate legal identity. Section 141 of the NI Act does not cover within its ambit the proprietary concern as same is not a juristic person so as to attract vicarious liability. A Proprietorship firm in fact is a business name of the sole Proprietor therefore only the Proprietor can be held liable under Section 138 of the NI Act as the Proprietorship concern and the Proprietor are one and the same. Further Section 138 of the NI Act manifests that it is the drawer of the cheque-in-question which is liable for punishment as per the provisions of the Act in case the cheque is dishonored on the grounds as provided under Section 138 of the NI Act. From the evidence on record it is evident that the Respondent no. 2 is not a signatory to the cheque Ex. CW-1/2. Ms. Sarika Singh Kuchhawaha had issued the said cheque in the capacity of Proprietor of Respondent No. 1. In fact if there was any responsibility to honor the cheque Ex. CW-1/2 it was of Ms. Sarika Singh Kuchhawaha. Unfortunately she was neither served with any legal demand notice nor arraigned as an accused in the complaint filed by the Appellant under Section 138 of the NI Act. Although the Appellant made a futile effort to get her summoned under Section 138 of the NI Act by filing an application before the learned Trial Court at the stage of final arguments. The application was dismissed by the learned Trial Court vide Order dated 05.02.2011 which has attained finality. The Appellant has miserably failed to establish that Respondent No. 2 was responsible being the proprietor of Respondent No. 1 to make the payment under the cheque Ex. CW-1/2. In the present case no cause of action accrues in favour of the Complainant against Respondent No. 2 hence this Court does not find any perversity in the Impugned Order dated 24.09.2011 vide which the Respondent No. 2 has been acquitted - Appeal dismissed.
1. ISSUES PRESENTED and CONSIDERED
- Whether Respondent No. 2 is liable under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, as the drawer of the cheque issued on behalf of Respondent No. 1, a proprietorship concern. - Whether Respondent No. 2 can be held responsible as the proprietor of Respondent No. 1, given the nature of proprietorship concerns and the legal framework governing such entities. - Whether the complaint under Sections 138/141 of the NI Act and Sections 420/406 of the IPC was maintainable against Respondent No. 2. - Whether the dismissal of the application for summoning the actual proprietor of Respondent No. 1, Ms. Sarika Singh Kuchhawaha, affects the liability of Respondent No. 2. - Whether the legal demand notice issued was justified and proportionate in its claim including interest. 2. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS Issue 1: Liability of Respondent No. 2 under Section 138 NI Act as drawer of the cheque Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: Section 138 of the NI Act penalizes the drawer of a cheque if it is dishonored due to insufficient funds or other grounds. Section 141 extends liability to persons in charge of a company or firm. However, proprietorship concerns do not have separate legal identity and thus Section 141 does not apply. The Supreme Court in Raghu Lakshminarayanan v. Fine Tubes (2007) clarified that a proprietary concern is distinct from a company or partnership firm and only the proprietor is liable under Section 138. Similarly, the Delhi High Court in M.M. Lal v. State NCT of Delhi reiterated that a sole proprietorship firm is not a juristic person and vicarious liability under Section 141 cannot be fastened on employees or others. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Court observed that the cheque in question was signed by Ms. Sarika Singh Kuchhawaha as proprietor of Respondent No. 1, and Respondent No. 2 was not the signatory. The testimony of the bank official (DW-1) confirmed that the current account belonged to the proprietorship firm under Ms. Kuchhawaha's name. Since the proprietorship has no separate legal entity, only the actual proprietor can be held liable. Key Evidence and Findings: The dishonored cheque (Ex. CW-1/2) bore the signature of Ms. Kuchhawaha; the bank manager's testimony was unrebutted; Respondent No. 2 was not a signatory. The Appellant failed to cross-examine DW-1 or produce evidence to establish that Respondent No. 2 was the proprietor or authorized signatory. Application of Law to Facts: Applying the settled legal position, the Court held that Respondent No. 2 cannot be held liable as he was not the drawer of the cheque and not the proprietor of the firm. The proprietorship being a business name of the sole proprietor, liability lies solely with Ms. Kuchhawaha. Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Appellant argued that Respondent No. 2 had consistently represented himself as the proprietor, filed vakalatnamas, and participated in proceedings as such. The Court noted these contentions but found no substantive evidence to prove proprietorship or drawer status. The Respondent denied proprietorship in his Section 313 statement and the unchallenged evidence supported his claim. The Court also noted the dismissal of the application to summon Ms. Kuchhawaha, whose absence was a procedural limitation but did not confer liability on Respondent No. 2. Conclusions: Respondent No. 2 was rightly acquitted as the Appellant failed to prove he was the drawer or proprietor liable under Section 138 NI Act. Issue 2: Impleadment and Misrepresentation of Respondent No. 2 as Proprietor Relevant Legal Framework and Precedents: The principle that only the real proprietor of a proprietorship firm can be held liable is well established. Misrepresentation before the Court can be prosecuted under Section 340 Cr.P.C., but requires clear proof. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Appellant contended that Respondent No. 2 misrepresented himself as proprietor by filing vakalatnamas and applications, and thus should be estopped from denying proprietorship. The Court observed that mere participation in proceedings or filing vakalatnamas does not conclusively establish proprietorship. The Respondent denied proprietorship under Section 313 and evidence showed otherwise. Key Evidence and Findings: The Appellant's application under Section 340 Cr.P.C. alleging fraud was dismissed by the Trial Court and not challenged. The Court found no evidence of deliberate misrepresentation by Respondent No. 2. Application of Law to Facts: The Court held that the Appellant could not rely on Respondent No. 2's conduct in litigation to establish substantive proprietorship or liability. The legal identity of a proprietorship is tied to the actual proprietor, not merely to those appearing in court. Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Appellant's reliance on procedural conduct was rejected as insufficient to override substantive evidence and legal principles. Conclusions: The Court upheld the Trial Court's dismissal of the fraud allegation and found no misrepresentation by Respondent No. 2. Issue 3: Justification and Proportionality of Legal Demand Notice Relevant Legal Framework: Section 138 NI Act requires issuance of a legal demand notice prior to filing complaint. The amount claimed must be clear and justifiable. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Trial Court had observed that the demand notice included interest at 18%, which was not proportionate. The Appellant contended that the notice was justified and the Respondent did not challenge it during cross-examination. Key Evidence and Findings: The Court noted the discrepancy in amounts claimed and the absence of challenge by Respondent during evidence. Application of Law to Facts: While the Court acknowledged the Appellant's submission, the primary issue was Respondent No. 2's liability, which was not established. Hence, the proportionality of the demand notice did not affect the acquittal. Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Court did not dwell extensively on this issue as it was ancillary to the main question of liability. Conclusions: The Court did not find merit in the Appellant's contention on this point in the absence of proven liability. Issue 4: Effect of Non-impleadment of Actual Proprietor (Ms. Sarika Singh Kuchhawaha) Relevant Legal Framework: For proprietorship concerns, the proprietor is the real party in interest and must be impleaded in complaints under Section 138 NI Act. Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Appellant's application to summon Ms. Kuchhawaha was dismissed by the Trial Court, and that order was not challenged. The Court held that the absence of the actual proprietor as a party meant the complaint could not succeed against Respondent No. 2. Key Evidence and Findings: The unchallenged testimony of the bank official established Ms. Kuchhawaha as the proprietor and signatory of the cheque. Application of Law to Facts: The Court emphasized that the Appellant's failure to implead the actual proprietor was a fatal infirmity and went to the root of the complaint. Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Appellant's attempt to hold Respondent No. 2 liable in place of the actual proprietor was rejected. Conclusions: Non-impleadment of the true proprietor precluded holding Respondent No. 2 liable, justifying his acquittal. 3. SIGNIFICANT HOLDINGS - "It is a settled position of law that in case of a Proprietorship concern, it is only the proprietor who can be held liable under Section 138 of the NI Act since the Proprietorship concern has no separate legal identity." - "Section 141 of the NI Act does not cover within its ambit the proprietary concern as same is not a juristic person, so as to attract vicarious liability." - "The dishonored cheque indicates that the same has been signed by one Ms. Sarika Singh Kuchhawaha as Proprietor for Udai Continentals. The testimony of DW-1 is unchallenged... Ms. Sarika Singh Kuchhawaha had issued the said cheque in the capacity of Proprietor of Respondent No. 1." - "The Appellant has miserably failed to establish that Respondent No. 2 was responsible, being the proprietor of Respondent No. 1 to make the payment under the cheque." - "The case attempted to be built by the Appellant appears to be suffering from fatal infirmities so much so, it goes directly to the root of the case and shakes the very foundation on which the Appellant's complaint had been registered." - "No cause of action accrues in favour of the Complainant against Respondent No. 2, hence, this Court does not find any perversity in the Impugned Order... acquitting Respondent No. 2."
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