2025 (7) TMI 180 - AT - Income Tax

Jewellery found during the course of search - Scope of CBDT Circular No.1916/1994 dated 11/05/1994 as per which jewellery held by an individual to certain extent cannot be seized - addition being the value of 690gms of jewellery on the ground that the assessee could not explain source. CIT (A) allowed relief to the assessee to the extent of 1700gms of jewellery and held that in view of the CBDT Circular No.1916/1994 dated 11/05/1994 the family members can possess jewellery to the extent of specified quantity and to that extent there is no need to explain the source HELD THAT - There is no merit in the argument of assessee for the simple reason that the CBDT issued Circular No.1916/1994 dated 11/05/1994 considering various aspects including customary practices in India to give jewellery to the ladies on various occasions and directed the Field Officers to not to seize the jewellery to the extent of 500gms in case of married women 250gms in case of unmarried women and 100gms in case of men. Therefore jewellery has been received on the occasion of marriage as Sthridhan and other occasions covered within the limit allowed by the CBDT Circular No.1916/1994. Therefore we are of the considered view that CIT (A) after considering the relevant explanation of the assessee and also taken note of the circular of the CBDT has allowed relief to the extent of 1700gms of jewellery. The remaining 110gms of jewellery was still unexplained and the assessee could not file any evidence even before us to explain the source for the said jewellery. Therefore there is no error in the order of the learned CIT (A) to sustain the addition to the extent of 110gms of jewellery. Thus we are inclined to uphold the order of the learned CIT (A) and dismiss the appeal filed by the assessee. Appeal filed by the assessee is dismissed.

Summary

1. ISSUES PRESENTED and CONSIDERED

The core legal questions considered by the Tribunal in this appeal are:

• Whether the jewellery found during the search operation, amounting to 1810 grams, can be presumed to belong to the assessee's family members and exempted from seizure under CBDT Circular No.1916/1994 dated 11/05/1994, which specifies permissible limits of jewellery possession by family members without requiring explanation of source.
• Whether the Assessing Officer was justified in making an addition of Rs. 32,68,200/- representing the value of 690 grams of gold jewellery found during the search, on the ground that the assessee failed to explain the source of this jewellery.
• Whether the learned CIT (A) erred in sustaining the addition in respect of 110 grams of jewellery despite accepting the explanation for 1700 grams of jewellery based on the CBDT Circular and customary practices.

2. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS

Issue 1: Applicability of CBDT Circular No.1916/1994 and exemption of jewellery held by family members

Relevant legal framework and precedents: The CBDT Circular No.1916/1994 dated 11/05/1994 provides guidance to the Income Tax authorities on the seizure of jewellery during search operations. It specifies that jewellery held by individuals up to certain prescribed limits-500 grams for married women, 250 grams for unmarried women, and 100 grams for men-should not be seized, recognizing customary Indian practices where jewellery is received as "Sthridhan" or gifts on marriage and other occasions. The Circular thus exempts jewellery within these limits from being treated as unexplained assets.

Court's interpretation and reasoning: The Tribunal recognized the Circular as a binding administrative instruction that reflects Indian customary practices and provides a safe harbor for jewellery held by family members within specified limits. The Tribunal accepted that the assessee's family, considering the number of members and their marital status, could legitimately possess jewellery aggregating to 1700 grams without the need to explain the source.

Key evidence and findings: The assessee submitted detailed information about family members and the quantity of jewellery held by each, consistent with the prescribed limits. The Tribunal noted the absence of dispute on the quantity of jewellery found and the family details furnished.

Application of law to facts: Applying the CBDT Circular limits to the family composition, the Tribunal concluded that 1700 grams of jewellery was legitimately held and exempt from seizure or addition.

Treatment of competing arguments: The Revenue accepted the applicability of the Circular and the relief granted to the extent of 1700 grams. The assessee argued for complete relief, including the remaining 110 grams, on the basis of customary practices and gifts.

Conclusions: The Tribunal upheld the exemption of 1700 grams of jewellery under the CBDT Circular, affirming that the source for this quantity need not be explained.

Issue 2: Justification for addition of value of unexplained jewellery (690 grams) by the Assessing Officer

Relevant legal framework and precedents: Under the Income Tax Act, unexplained assets found during search operations can be added to the income of the assessee if the source is not satisfactorily explained. The CBDT Circular provides relief only up to specified limits; jewellery exceeding those limits must have its source explained.

Court's interpretation and reasoning: The Assessing Officer seized 690 grams of jewellery valued at Rs. 32,68,200/- as unexplained. The Tribunal noted that the assessee could explain only 1100 grams during assessment, and the remaining 690 grams lacked credible explanation. The Tribunal accepted the Assessing Officer's addition in respect of the unexplained jewellery.

Key evidence and findings: The assessee failed to produce evidence or credible explanation for the source of the entire 690 grams seized. The CIT (A) reduced the unexplained quantity to 110 grams after considering family limits and submissions.

Application of law to facts: The law mandates addition of unexplained assets. The Assessing Officer's addition was based on the absence of source explanation for 690 grams, which was later modified by the CIT (A).

Treatment of competing arguments: The assessee argued that the entire jewellery was acquired by family members on various occasions and should be exempted. The Revenue insisted on sustaining addition for unexplained jewellery beyond the prescribed limits.

Conclusions: The Tribunal upheld the Assessing Officer's addition to the extent of jewellery not explained by the assessee, subject to modification by the appellate authority.

Issue 3: Validity of CIT (A)'s reduction of unexplained jewellery from 690 grams to 110 grams and sustaining addition for 110 grams

Relevant legal framework and precedents: The appellate authority can re-examine the evidence and explain the source of seized jewellery. The CBDT Circular and judicial precedents recognize that jewellery within prescribed limits held by family members need not be explained. Additions can only be sustained for jewellery exceeding these limits or unexplained.

Court's interpretation and reasoning: The CIT (A) accepted the assessee's explanation for 1700 grams of jewellery based on family size and prescribed limits under the Circular, allowing relief accordingly. However, the CIT (A) sustained addition for 110 grams of jewellery that remained unexplained. The Tribunal found this approach reasonable and consistent with the Circular and facts on record.

Key evidence and findings: The assessee failed to provide documentary evidence or credible explanation for the source of the 110 grams of jewellery. The CIT (A) relied on the Circular and family details to determine the permissible jewellery quantity and identified the unexplained excess.

Application of law to facts: The CIT (A) correctly applied the Circular's limits and the principle of unexplained assets to reduce the addition from 690 grams to 110 grams. The Tribunal found no error in this approach.

Treatment of competing arguments: The assessee contended that the entire jewellery was acquired by family members over time and should be exempted. The Revenue supported sustaining the addition for unexplained jewellery beyond the Circular limits. The Tribunal sided with the Revenue on this point.

Conclusions: The Tribunal upheld the CIT (A)'s order sustaining addition for 110 grams of jewellery as unexplained, while granting relief for the rest.

3. SIGNIFICANT HOLDINGS

The Tribunal held that:

"The CBDT issued Circular No.1916/1994 dated 11/05/1994 considering various aspects including customary practices in India to give jewellery to the ladies on various occasions and directed the Field Officers to not to seize the jewellery to the extent of 500gms in case of married women, 250gms in case of unmarried women and 100gms in case of men. Therefore, in our considered view, the jewellery has been received on the occasion of marriage as Sthridhan and other occasions covered within the limit allowed by the CBDT Circular No.1916/1994."

The core principles established are:

• Jewellery held by family members within prescribed limits under CBDT Circular No.1916/1994 is exempt from seizure and does not require explanation of source.
• Jewellery exceeding these limits must have its source satisfactorily explained; otherwise, its value is liable to be added to income.
• The Assessing Officer and appellate authorities must apply these limits considering family composition and marital status.
• Failure to explain the source of jewellery beyond these limits justifies addition under the Income Tax Act.

Final determinations on each issue are:

• The assessee successfully explained possession of 1700 grams of jewellery held by family members within permissible limits under the CBDT Circular.
• The addition of Rs. 32,68,200/- representing 690 grams of jewellery made by the Assessing Officer was partially sustained, with relief granted for 580 grams (1700 grams explained minus 1100 grams initially explained).
• The CIT (A) correctly sustained addition for 110 grams of jewellery that remained unexplained, and the Tribunal upheld this decision.
• The appeal filed by the assessee was dismissed, affirming the order of the CIT (A).