2025 (7) TMI 275 - HC - Indian Laws

Dishonour of Cheque - existing debt or liability in discharge of which the alleged cheques got issued - cheque issued under the signatures of the drawer - presumption that the holder of the cheque has received it in discharge of whole or part of the debt or liability - HELD THAT - The Complainant has failed to place on record any such Agreement to Sell of November 2008 in regard to the purchase of the two properties. Significantly when asked in the cross-examination about this Agreement to Sell Complainant gave the explanation that it was torn after the new Agreement in July 2009 cancelling the earlier Agreement to Sell was executed. This explanation for not being able to produce the Agreement to Sell of November 2008 is clearly not tenable. The Complainant is a Company and even after cancellation the record would definitely be maintained. Even if for the sake of arguments it is accepted that the original was torn the Complainant has even failed to produce a Copy of the same - The onus was on the Complainant to have proved his transaction of Agreement to Sell of November 2008 which he has miserably failed to do. Legal Debt/Liability - HELD THAT - The most significant aspect which has emerged is that the admitted/proved liability is much less than the amount stated in the alleged cheques. The disputed cheque therefore cannot be held to be drawn in discharge of the loan liability of the Respondents. The admitted liability of the part liability by the Respondents does not help the Complainant in his Complaint under Section 138 NI Act which requires that the cheque amount must be for the entire discharge of the existing debt or liability. In case of M/s. Alliance Infrastructure vs. Vinay Mittal 2010 (1) TMI 1288 - DELHI HIGH COURT it was explained that the expression amount of money means in a case where the admitted liability of the drawer of the cheque gets reduced on account of part payment made by him after issuing but before presentation of cheque in question. No doubt the expression amount of money would mean the amount of cheque alone in case the amount payable by the drawer on the date of presentation of cheque is more than the amount of the cheque. The Respondents had been able to show that the existing liability as reflected from the documents of the Complainant and as admitted by the Respondents was only to the tune of Rs. 75 lacs while the impugned cheque was for Rs. 1.5 crores. Therefore the requisite ingredient under Section 138 NI Act that the cheque must be in discharge of legally enforceable liability or part thereof is not satisfied. It is held that the Complainant s case was as vague as it can be in proving the underlying legally enforceable debt to support of the Cheque in question. Once the Complainant has not been able to prove this most essential ingredient of Section 138 NI Act the Complaint under Section 138 NI Act has been rightly dismissed by the Ld. MM - Appeal dismissed.

The core legal questions considered in this judgment pertain to the applicability and interpretation of Sections 138, 139, 141, and 142 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, specifically:

1. Whether the cheque dated 22.12.2010 for Rs. 1.5 crores issued by the Respondents was drawn in discharge of an existing legally enforceable debt or liability under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act.

2. The evidentiary burden and presumption under Sections 118 and 139 of the Negotiable Instruments Act regarding the issuance and dishonour of cheques.

3. The validity and effect of the alleged Agreement to Sell dated November 2008 and the Cancellation Agreement dated 04.07.2009, and their bearing on the existence of debt or liability.

4. The credibility and sufficiency of evidence adduced by the Complainant to prove the existence of the debt or liability and the issuance of the cheque in discharge thereof.

5. The defence raised by the Respondents that the cheque was issued as a security cheque and not for discharge of any debt or liability, and the related question of burden of proof.

6. The implications of the cheque being signed by multiple members of a Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) when the account was held in the name of the HUF and the Karta's authority to sign.

7. The relevance and application of the doctrine of preponderance of evidence in criminal complaints under Section 138 NI Act.

Issue-wise Detailed Analysis:

1. Presumption under Sections 118 and 139 of the Negotiable Instruments Act and Burden of Proof

The legal framework establishes that under Section 139, once the signature on the cheque is admitted or proved, there is a statutory presumption that the cheque was issued for discharge of a debt or liability. This presumption is rebuttable by the accused by adducing evidence to the contrary on the preponderance of probabilities.

Precedents such as M.S. Narayana Menon @ Mani vs. State of Kerala and Rangappa vs. Mohan elucidate that the accused must raise a probable defence to rebut the presumption, and the standard of proof is preponderance of probability, not beyond reasonable doubt. The accused may rely on the complainant's own testimony or produce independent evidence.

The Court observed that the Respondents admitted their signatures on the cheque but contended it was a security cheque, not intended for encashment, thus attempting to rebut the presumption under Section 139.

The Court applied this legal framework and found that the Respondents had raised a probable defence by challenging the existence of any legally enforceable debt corresponding to the cheque amount.

2. Existence and Proof of Legally Enforceable Debt or Liability

The Complainant claimed an Agreement to Sell dated November 2008 for two properties, with payment of Rs. 1.5 crores made to the Respondents. Subsequently, a Cancellation Agreement dated 04.07.2009 was executed, wherein the Respondents agreed to return Rs. 3 crores by issuance of cheques. The cheque in question was issued as a replacement cheque per a letter dated 22.12.2010.

The Respondents denied the existence of the November 2008 Agreement to Sell and asserted that the transactions and loans were separate and unrelated to the properties claimed by the Complainant. They also denied receiving Rs. 75 lakhs in cash and challenged the authenticity and relevance of the Cancellation Agreement.

The Court noted that the Complainant failed to produce the original Agreement to Sell or even a copy, explaining it was torn after execution of the Cancellation Agreement. This explanation was found untenable, especially since the Complainant was a company required to maintain proper records.

The Cancellation Agreement itself did not specify the properties or refer to the earlier Agreement to Sell, and was undated. It mentioned payment of Rs. 1.5 crores and an additional Rs. 1.5 crores as repayment, interest, and compensation, but lacked clarity and corroboration.

The Court highlighted that the Complainant's evidence and documents were vague and contradictory, failing to prove the existence of an enforceable debt corresponding to the cheque amount.

3. Payment of Rs. 1.5 Crores and Evidence of Consideration

The Complainant produced a bank certificate showing payment of Rs. 75 lakhs but failed to produce any documentary evidence of the cash payment of Rs. 75 lakhs. The Income Tax Returns (ITRs) and balance sheets filed did not corroborate the claim of Rs. 1.5 crores advanced as loan or payment.

The Respondents' defence that the Complainant had advanced only Rs. 75 lakhs as loan in a separate transaction was supported by admissions in cross-examination and documentary evidence, including ITRs showing payment of Rs. 1 crore to the HUF.

The Court found the Complainant's failure to produce complete financial records and corroborative documents fatal to its claim.

4. Nature and Validity of the Cancellation Agreement

The Cancellation Agreement was undated, filed belatedly, and did not mention the properties or the original Agreement to Sell. It purportedly acknowledged payments and liabilities but lacked signatures of the Karta of the HUF or authority from the HUF members to bind the family.

The Court emphasized the unique position of the Karta in a HUF, who alone has authority to manage family properties and sign negotiable instruments. The absence of Karta's signature or authority on the Cancellation Agreement undermined its validity.

The Court found the Complainant's contentions self-contradictory and not supported by cogent evidence.

5. Defence of the Cheque as a Security Instrument and Signing by Multiple HUF Members

The Respondents contended that the cheque was issued as a security cheque and not for discharge of debt. They also claimed coercion in signing multiple cheques, including the impugned cheque, which bore signatures of the Karta and other members, contrary to the usual practice where only the Karta signs HUF cheques.

The Court acknowledged that the cheque being signed by all members was unusual and could indicate coercion or irregularity. However, it also noted that the cheque was issued and presented without any complaint or stop payment instructions, which weakens the coercion claim.

Nevertheless, the Court found that the Respondents' defence raised sufficient doubt about the purpose of the cheque, contributing to the failure of the Complainant to establish the cheque was issued in discharge of a debt.

6. Application of the Doctrine of Preponderance of Evidence

The Court applied the doctrine of preponderance of evidence, holding that the Complainant failed to establish the existence of a legally enforceable debt corresponding to the cheque amount on a balance of probabilities.

The Respondents' evidence and admissions showed an outstanding liability of only Rs. 75 lakhs, whereas the cheque was for Rs. 1.5 crores. The discrepancy was fatal to the Complainant's case under Section 138 NI Act, which requires the cheque to be drawn for discharge of existing debt or liability.

Precedents such as Syad Akbar vs. State of Karnataka and others were cited to support the application of this principle.

7. Legal Interpretation of the Amount in Cheque vis-`a-vis Debt

It was noted that if the amount of the cheque exceeds the legally enforceable debt, Section 138 NI Act is not attracted. The Court relied on precedents holding that the cheque must be in discharge of the entire or part of the existing liability.

Since the admitted liability was Rs. 75 lakhs and the cheque was for Rs. 1.5 crores, the essential ingredient of Section 138 was not satisfied.

Conclusions on Issues:

The Court concluded that the Complainant failed to prove the existence of a legally enforceable debt or liability corresponding to the cheque amount. The presumption under Section 139 NI Act was rebutted by the Respondents through their evidence and admissions.

The Agreement to Sell of November 2008 was not proved, and the Cancellation Agreement was vague and unsigned by the Karta, undermining its validity.

The cheque was not shown to be issued in discharge of any existing debt or liability but was for an amount exceeding the admitted liability.

The defence that the cheque was a security instrument was plausible and not disproved.

Accordingly, the Complaint under Section 138 NI Act was rightly dismissed by the Learned Magistrate, and the Appeal was devoid of merit.

Significant Holdings:

"Under Sections 139 and 118 NI Act, once the signatures on the cheques have been admitted by the accused, there is a reverse onus on the accused to prove that there was no existing debt or liability."

"The standard of proof for rebutting the presumption under Section 139 is that of 'preponderance of probability'. If the accused is able to raise a probable defence which creates doubts about the existence of a legally enforceable debt or liability, the Complainant's case must fail."

"The Complainant failed to produce the Agreement to Sell of November 2008 which was essential to corroborate the claim of the Complainant and has significantly not been produced, which creates a doubt about their being any Agreement to Sell in respect of the two properties as alleged."

"The admitted/proved liability is much less than the amount stated in the alleged cheques. The disputed cheque, therefore, cannot be held to be drawn in discharge of the loan liability of the Respondents."

"No cheque of HUF need be signed by all the members of HUF but all the Respondents were compelled to sign the cheques under coercion by the Complainant. It is a significant aspect which again serves as support to the defence as setup by the Respondents."

"The Complaint under Section 138 NI Act has been rightly dismissed by the Learned Magistrate as the Complainant failed to prove the underlying legally enforceable debt to support the cheque in question."

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