2025 (7) TMI 968 - AT - Income Tax

Validity of Reopening of assessment - prior assessments u/s 143(3) and 153A - as argued reassessment order passed by AO is non-est and bad in law in as much as the Statutory Approval required u/s 153D was not taken before passing the assessment order which was mandatorily required to be taken by AO - HELD THAT - Assessee contention is not sustainable in law as we are of the considered view that assessment and reassessment mentioned u/s 153D of the Act refers to assessment and reassessment in consequence to the search. Here in this case search assessment stood concluded therefore when there was a reopening on account of escapement of income the fact of earlier assessments being concluded u/s 143(3) or u/s 153A of the Act are of no consequence except where the reopening is being challenged on the basis that it is a case of mere change of opinion. Thus the additional ground as raised has no substance. The same is decided against the assessee. Allegation against the assessee is of receiving money from Bhushan Steel group - Case of the Revenue that the assessee was the beneficiary by way of accommodation entries is not sustainable. Since all the assessee s are essentially group companies and the common management under one control the question of any hypothetical charge of any commission income for providing facility to route the funds of any group company does not arise. The entire addition is based on surmises and presumption because the ld. CIT (A) s reasoning is based practice prevalent in the market sans any tangible material or inquiry or evidence on record. Thus the addition made on basis of estimation of 2% of commission income in the case of these three assessee s is directed to be deleted.

Summary

1. ISSUES PRESENTED and CONSIDERED

The core legal questions considered by the Tribunal include:

- Whether the notice issued under section 148 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (the Act) and the consequent reassessment order under section 147 are valid and sustainable in law, particularly in light of the prior assessments concluded under sections 143(3) and 153A.

- Whether the addition of Rs. 25 crores received by the assessee from M/s Jawahar Credit and Holdings Pvt. Ltd., comprising share capital and share premium, can be treated as unexplained income under section 68 of the Act.

- Whether the reopening of assessment without obtaining mandatory approval under section 153D of the Act renders the reassessment order void ab initio.

- Whether the assessee is the ultimate beneficiary of the funds received from M/s Jawahar Credit and Holdings Pvt. Ltd., or whether the latter was merely a conduit company for routing funds within the Bhushan Steel Ltd. group.

- The applicability of principles relating to accommodation entries, paper companies, and the requirement to establish creditworthiness and genuineness of transactions.

2. ISSUE-WISE DETAILED ANALYSIS

Validity of Reopening under Section 148 and Section 153D Approval Requirement

Legal Framework and Precedents: Section 148 permits reopening of assessments if the Assessing Officer (AO) has reason to believe that income chargeable to tax has escaped assessment. Section 153D mandates prior approval for assessments or reassessments consequent to search or seizure operations under section 132.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The Tribunal held that the provisions of section 153D apply to assessments or reassessments arising directly from search operations. Since the original search assessment under section 153A was concluded, the subsequent reopening under section 148 on account of escapement of income is independent and does not require fresh approval under section 153D. The Tribunal rejected the assessee's contention that the reassessment order was void for lack of such approval.

Key Evidence and Findings: The AO issued the reopening notice on 31.03.2019, citing failure to disclose material facts embedded in the accounts and annual reports that could not be discovered without due diligence. The Tribunal examined the reasons recorded for reopening and found them insufficient to justify reopening beyond four years, as the relevant information was already available and had been examined during earlier assessments under sections 143(3) and 153A.

Application of Law to Facts: The Tribunal emphasized that reopening cannot be based on mere change of opinion or stale information. The AO's own admission that information was available but not discovered due to lack of due diligence was held to be indicative of change of opinion rather than fresh material. The Tribunal concluded that the reopening was invalid.

Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Revenue argued that subsequent information justified reopening and that the genuineness of transactions was not examined earlier. The Tribunal countered that the AO had ample opportunity to examine the transactions during prior assessments and that the reopening was a convenient attempt to revisit concluded matters.

Conclusion: The reopening under section 148 was held to be invalid and bad in law, as it was based on stale information and amounted to a change of opinion. The requirement of approval under section 153D was not applicable in this context.

Validity of Addition under Section 68 for Receipt of Rs. 25 Crores from M/s Jawahar Credit and Holdings Pvt. Ltd.

Legal Framework and Precedents: Section 68 of the Act requires that unexplained credits, especially share capital or share premium, be treated as income if the assessee fails to satisfactorily explain the nature and source of such credits. The law mandates verification of creditworthiness, genuineness of transactions, and the identity of investors.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The AO initially treated the Rs. 25 crore receipt as unexplained income, relying on the fact that M/s Jawahar Credit and Holdings Pvt. Ltd. was a paper company with no business activity and no creditworthiness. The CIT(A) reduced the addition to 2% commission income, holding that Jawahar Credit was merely a conduit company routing funds within the Bhushan Steel group and not the ultimate beneficiary.

However, the Tribunal referred to its earlier ruling in the case of M/s Jawahar Credit and Holdings Pvt. Ltd., where the addition of 2% commission was deleted, observing that all entities were group companies under common management and the commission addition was based on surmise and presumption without tangible evidence.

Key Evidence and Findings: The evidence showed that Jawahar Credit issued shares at a high premium without business justification, immediately reinvested funds into group companies, and shared common addresses and directors with investor and investee companies. Despite repeated summons, no directors appeared to explain the transactions. The Tribunal found no credible evidence to establish the genuineness or creditworthiness of Jawahar Credit.

Application of Law to Facts: The Tribunal concluded that the addition on account of unexplained share capital and premium was not sustainable as the entire group structure indicated routing of funds rather than genuine investment. The absence of any business activity and failure to justify high premiums negated the claim of genuine transactions.

Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Revenue contended that the assessee was the ultimate beneficiary of accommodation entries and money laundering. The assessee argued that the transactions were genuine and had been examined in earlier assessments. The Tribunal sided with the assessee on merits, holding that the Revenue's case was based on conjecture and that the prior deletion of additions in the Jawahar Credit case undermined the Revenue's stance.

Conclusion: The addition of Rs. 25 crores as unexplained income under section 68 was held to be unsustainable. The Tribunal allowed the appeal on this ground.

Whether the Assessee was the Ultimate Beneficiary of the Funds

Legal Framework and Precedents: The principle that the ultimate beneficiary of funds routed through paper companies or conduits must be identified to determine tax liability is well established. Mere conduit companies cannot be taxed on amounts that do not belong to them.

Court's Interpretation and Reasoning: The CIT(A) had held that Jawahar Credit was a conduit and not the beneficiary, allowing only commission income to be taxed. The AO sought to tax the assessee as the ultimate beneficiary. The Tribunal found that the entire Bhushan Steel group was involved in routing funds through multiple entities, and the assessee's transactions were part of this structure.

Key Evidence and Findings: The common addresses, directors, and immediate reinvestment of funds demonstrated that Jawahar Credit had no independent business or creditworthiness. The assessee's major turnover derived from miscellaneous receipts rather than genuine business activity, supporting the inference of accommodation entries.

Application of Law to Facts: The Tribunal found that the assessee was not the ultimate beneficiary of the funds in the manner alleged by the Revenue. The entire transaction was part of organized financial structuring within the group, lacking genuine commercial substance.

Treatment of Competing Arguments: The Revenue's argument of money laundering and bogus share capital was unsupported by concrete evidence. The assessee's explanation and prior judicial findings favored the conclusion that the transaction was not genuine income.

Conclusion: The assessee was not held liable for the addition as ultimate beneficiary, and the appeal was allowed on this ground.

3. SIGNIFICANT HOLDINGS

- "It is evident from the above discussion that in this case, the issues under consideration were never examined by the A.O. during the course of regular assessment... material facts relevant for the assessment on the issue(s) under consideration were not filed during the courses of assessment proceeding and the same may be embedded in annual report, audited P&L A/c, balance sheet and books of account in such a manner that it would require due diligence by the AO to extract this information... it is not a case of change of opinion by the AO."

- "The reopening is on the basis of stale information and this is a case of reopening for convenience by change of opinion."

- "The present order of the Assessing Officer is the logical consequence to the order of the CIT(A) because he rightly held that the Jawahar Credit was not the beneficiary but only a conduit for routing the transaction. If that be so, then the addition needs to be made in the case of the appellant company because he has received Rs. 25,00,00,000/- from the Jawahar Credit and is the beneficiary of such funds/money."

- "The appellant company has no regular business activity and its major turnover is reportedly derives from miscellaneous receipts."

- "M/s Jawahar Credits & Holdings Pvt. Ltd. has no creditworthiness to invest an amount of Rs,25,00,00,000/- in the appellant company... The creditworthiness of Jawahar Credits has not been established till date during any of the proceedings including the impugned one."

- "Even otherwise also, since all the assessee's are essentially group companies and the common management under one control, the question of any hypothetical charge of any commission income for providing facility to route the funds of any group company does not arise. The entire addition is based on surmises and presumption... Thus, the addition made on basis of estimation of 2% of commission income... is directed to be deleted."

- The Tribunal concluded that "otherwise on merits too the case of the Revenue that the assessee was the beneficiary by way of accommodation entries is not sustainable."

- Final determination: The appeal filed by the assessee was allowed, and the impugned orders were quashed, holding that the reopening was invalid and the addition under section 68 was unsustainable.