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Issues Involved:
1. Whether the Radhaswami Satsang is entitled to exemption under sections 11 and 12 of the Income-tax Act, 1961. 2. Whether the Radhaswami Satsang qualifies as a religious institution. 3. Whether the income derived from property, interest on securities, sale of publications, and sale of properties is exempt under sections 11 and 12. 4. Whether the legal obligation to apply the income for religious purposes exists in the absence of a Sant Satguru. Issue-wise Detailed Analysis: 1. Exemption under Sections 11 and 12 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 The Tribunal held that the income derived by the Radhaswami Satsang is exempt under section 11. Section 11(1)(a) specifies that income derived from property held under trust wholly for charitable or religious purposes is exempt to the extent it is applied to such purposes in India. Section 12 deems voluntary contributions received by a trust or institution established wholly for charitable or religious purposes as income derived from property held under trust for such purposes. The Tribunal found that the Radhaswami Satsang held property for the furtherance of its religious objectives, thus qualifying for exemption under section 11. 2. Qualification as a Religious Institution The revenue contended that the Radhaswami Satsang was not a religious institution. However, the assessment orders indicated that the Income Tax Officer (ITO) proceeded on the basis that the Satsang is a religious institution. The court referred to the Privy Council's definition of "institution" and concluded that the Radhaswami Satsang meets the criteria as it promotes the ideals of the Radhaswami faith, which revolves around the representative of a supreme being, and its tenets are meant for the spiritual benefit of mankind. Thus, the court held that the Satsang qualifies as a religious institution. 3. Exemption of Specific Income Types The income in question includes income derived from property, interest on securities, sale of publications, and sale of properties. The Tribunal held that section 12 does not apply to this type of income as it pertains only to voluntary contributions. The Tribunal found that the Satsang held the property for the furtherance of religious purposes, which should qualify for exemption under section 11. However, the Tribunal's decision was based on the absence of a Sant Satguru, which it believed created a legal obligation to apply the income for religious purposes. 4. Legal Obligation in the Absence of a Sant Satguru The Tribunal reasoned that in the absence of a Sant Satguru, the central council was bound to apply the properties in accordance with the deed of June 1904, which constituted it. However, the court referred to the Privy Council's decision in Patel Chhotabhai v. Jnan Chandra Basak, which held that the Sant Satguru was the sole master of the properties and the trust deed was revocable at the discretion of the council. The court concluded that even in the absence of a Sant Satguru, the central council holds the properties not only for religious purposes but also for the benefit of a future Sant Satguru. Thus, the legal obligation to apply the income solely for religious purposes does not exist, making the properties and income subject to tax. Conclusion: The court answered the question in the negative, in favor of the department, and against the assessee. The Radhaswami Satsang is not entitled to exemption under sections 11 and 12 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, as the properties and income are not held under a legal obligation solely for religious purposes. The absence of a Sant Satguru does not alter the nature of the legal obligation, which includes holding the properties for the benefit of a future Sant Satguru. Thus, the income derived by the Radhaswami Satsang is not exempt from tax.
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